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- Conceptual design of transfer structuresPublication . Ribeiro, Gonçalo; Almeida, João; Lobo, Paulo SilvaA transfer structure (TS) is a structure that alters the load path of the gravity loads, shifting the line of thrust laterally to a different vertical alignment. Transfer structures are introduced in buildings that feature discontinuities in some columns or walls and where a direct load path to the foundations is not possible. They usually represent major elements of the structure and their impact on building cost and construction time can be substantial. This paper presents an overview of existing transfer systems and provides guidance on their design and construction. Extensive research on buildings with transfer structures all over the world was carried out (more than 100 examples were analyzed) with the aim of developing a rational typology of these structures. The results can be broken down into five main types: BEAM, TRUSS, INCLINED STRUT, PLATE, and ARCH & TIE.
- Analysis and construction of transfer structures: a case studyPublication . Ribeiro, Gonçalo; Almeida, João; Lobo, PauloA transfer structure of a building is a structure that alters the load path of the gravity loads, shifting the line of thrust laterally to a different vertical alignment. They usually represent major elements of a structure and their impact on building cost and construction time can be substantial. The design for deflection control is frequently the primary consideration when defining the geometry of a transfer element, given their usual long spans and the high magnitude of the forces involved. Considerations of robustness and disproportionate collapse may also be key for the design of transfer structures as these are often regarded as critical elements for the overall stability of the building. Furthermore, the sequence of construction should be modelled through a construction-staged analysis, as it greatly affects deflections as well as final forces distribution. This paper provides guidance and highlights the key aspects that are likely to determine the structural design of transfer structures, as well as typical construction methods and challenges. It also presents a comparative study between two different types of transfer structures for the same building: an alternative composite scheme for the post-tensioned concrete transfer grid of the St. Gabriel Tower (Lisbon) was designed and the most relevant factors are highlighted.
- Structural design of transfer structuresPublication . Ribeiro, Gonçalo; Almeida, João; Lobo, Paulo SilvaA transfer structure is a structure that alters the load path of the gravity loads, shifting the line of thrust laterally to a different vertical alignment. Transfer structures are introduced in buildings that feature discontinuities in vertical elements and where a direct load path to the foundations is not possible. This paper presents an overview of existing transfer systems and provides guidance on their design and construction. Extensive research on buildings with transfer structures was carried out with the aim of developing a rational typology of these structures. The results can be broken down into five main types: BEAM, TRUSS, INCLINED STRUT, PLATE, and ARC H & CABLE. In addition, transfer structures’ design is often outside the scope of normal code guidance and may require a degree of engineering judgment. This paper also highlights the key aspects that determine the structural design of transfer structures, as well as typical construction methods.