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- Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness predict changes in body composition from childhood to adolescence: findings from the European Youth Heart StudyPublication . Ornelas, Rui T.; Silva, Analiza M.; Minderico, Cláudia S.; Sardinha, Luís B.Background: Several variables, such as waist circumference (WC) and trunk skinfolds (TS), are indicators of body fat. There is interest in evaluating the effect of cardiorespiratory fi tness (CRF) measures on changes in these markers from childhood to adolescence. Purpose: To examine CRF as a potential predictor of changes in body fat over an 8-year follow-up period in a pedi atric population. Methods: A cohort study of 86 children (44 girls, 42 boys) with a mean age of 9.8 ± 0.3 years who participated in the Portuguese arm of the European Youth Heart Study in 2000 completed a follow-up evaluation in 2008 at a mean age of 17.0 ± 0.4 years. Cardio respiratory fi tness, expressed as maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) (mL⋅kg−1 ⋅min−1 ), was assessed during an incremental multistage bicycle test to exhaustion. Physical activity (PA) was objectively measured by accelerometry at both periods of evaluation. Fat mass (FM) was assessed using anthropometric models, sum of TS, and WC. Changes were expressed as a percentage of the baseline value. Comparison of means and linear regression analysis were used for data analysis. Results: While CRF signifi cantly increased among boys (P 0.05) and decreased in girls (P 0.01), the percentage of body fat decreased over time in boys (P 0.01) and increased among girls. Alone, CRF explained 39%, 26%, and 25% of the total variance in WC, FM, and TS, respectively (P 0.01). Adjusting for PA, sex, and maturation changes, CRF remained a signifi cant predictor of WC (β = −0.335; P 0.01), FM (β = −2.084; P 0.01), and TS (β = −1.500; P 0.01). Conclusion: Changes in CRF are a signifi cant predictor of changes in body fat percentage from childhood to adolescence. School-based PA interventions are encouraged to maintain or improve CRF from childhood and throughout adolescence to prevent increased percentages of body fat, particularly in the abdominal region.
- Promoting health-related cardiorespiratory fitness in physical education: a systematic reviewPublication . Peralta, Miguel; Henriques-Neto, Duarte; Gouveia, Élvio Rúbio; Sardinha, Luís B.; Marques, AdilsonThis article aimed to systematically review the contribution of physical education (PE) clas ses to improve cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in children and adolescents; and to define potentially relevant factors for promoting CRF in PE classes. Methods Studies were identified from searches in ERIC, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases. Primary source articles, relating PE classes and CRF, published up to July 2019 in peer-reviewed journals were eligible for inclusion. Specific inclusion criteria were: (a) having cross-sectional or longitudinal and observational or interventional study designs; (b) targeting school-aged children or adolescents; (c) measuring CRF, heart rate or CRF test results as an outcome; (d) having statistical analyses of the CRF, heart rate or CRF test results outcomes reported; (e) focusing on PE classes or PE interventions that did not extended time or fre quency of the classes; and (f) published in English, French, Portuguese, or Spanish. Results A total of 24 studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, 10 studies have found a neutral effect of PE classes in students’ CRF, eight studies found that PE indeed contributed to the improvement of CRF and six studies revealed mixed findings, when PE classes where con trolled for others variables (e.g. body mass index, intensity). Higher intensity PE classes consistently demonstrated contributions to improving students’ CRF. Conclusion Review findings suggest that PE classes can contribute to the improvement of students’ CRF. Intensity, age and weight status were identified as potentially relevant factors for pro moting CRF in PE classes. To improve CRF, higher intensity classes should be provided.