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- O papel do comportamento do professor e do contexto da aula de educação física na promoção da aptidão cardiorrespiratóriaPublication . Peralta, Miguel; Gouveia, Élvio R.; Sarmento, Hugo; Martins, João; Catunda, Ricardo; Marques, Adilson
- Aulas de educação física baseadas na educação desportiva: uma revisão sistemáticaPublication . Góis, Francisca Maria Damasceno; Gouveia, Élvio Rúbio; Sarmento, Hugo; Peralta, Miguel; Marques, AdilsonO presente trabalho teve como objetivo sumarizar as evidências de estudos sobre como a participação em aulas de educação física (EF) baseadas na educação desportiva (EDE) tem sido relacionada a atividade física (AF) em adolescentes, sobretudo quanto a participação em atividade física moderada a vigorosa (AFMV), fatores psicológicos e sociais. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática que incluiu 8 bases eletrônicas (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, SPORTDiscus, PSYCINFO, ERIC e COCHRANE). Uma pesquisa inicial alcançou 162 títulos, permanecendo 149 após a retirada dos duplicados. Outros 10 estudos foram incluídos com base nas listas de referências, totalizando 159 estudos na fase de identificação. Na triagem, foram excluídas 89 referências, permanecendo 70 referências para análise de texto completo. Nesta etapa, foram excluídas 53 referências, resultando em 17 referências que preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Os estudos foram realizados entre 2002 e 2017, a maioria nos Estados Unidos. A maioria dos estudos reportou melhoras quanto aos fatores psicológicos e sociais, principalmente a motivação. Os dados sobre a participação dos adolescentes em AFMV foram contraditórios e inconclusivos, dificultando a compreensão do contributo do modelo para prática de AF dos alunos.
- Participation in Physical Education Classes and Health-Related Behaviours among Adolescents from 67 CountriesPublication . Martins, João; Marques, Adilson; Gouveia, Élvio Rúbio; Carvalho, Francisco; Sarmento, Hugo; González Valeiro, MiguelThe present study sought to examine the associations between participation in physical education (PE) classes and a range of health-related behaviours among adolescents. Secondary analysis of self-reported data from the Global Student Health Survey, collected between 2010 and 2017 from 222,121 adolescents (N = 117,914 girls; 49.0%; aged 13–17 years) from 67 countries and five world regions, was carried out. Participation in PE classes (0, 1–2, ≥3 days/week) was the independent variable. Physical activity (PA); sedentary behaviour (SB); active travel to school; fruit, vegetables, and alcohol consumption; and smoking; as well as adopting ≥5 of these healthy behaviours; were the dependent variables. Complex samples logistic regressions were performed to explore the associations between participation in PE classes and health-related behaviours. The results revealed that 18.2% of adolescents did not take part in PE classes. A total of 56.7% and 25.1% of adolescents reported participating in PE classes on 1–2 and ≥3 days/week, respectively. Only 26.8% of adolescents adopted ≥5 healthy behaviours. Participation in PE classes was positively associated with PA, active travel, fruit consumption, and vegetable consumption (only for ≥3 days/week), but was negatively associated with meeting SB recommendations, and with not smoking (only for girls and ≥3 days/week). Overall, PE participation was positively associated with adopting ≥5 healthy behaviours, with favourable results found for those who attended more PE classes. The findings revealed a positive association between participation in PE classes and a range of health-related behaviours among adolescents. This suggests that, worldwide, quality PE should be delivered at least 3 days per week up to daily to promote healthy lifestyles among adolescents.
- Lower limbs strength variations between injured and non-injured professional soccer playersPublication . Martins, Francisco; França, Cíntia; Hugo Sarmento; Ricardo Henriques; Krzysztof Przednowek; Marcelo de Maio Nascimento; Adilson Marques; Andreas Ihle; Gouveia, Élvio Rúbio; Sarmento, Hugo; Marques, Adilson; Ihle, Andreas; Gouveia, Élvio RúbioDue to its physical demands, professional soccer is becoming a real challenge regarding players’ exposure to high injury risk. Given its tight correlation with high-intensity actions, muscular strength is a crucial physical characteristic for soccer players. Therefore, the aims of this study are (a) to compare the vertical jumping performance during the season according to the injury profile, and (b) to investigate differences in isokinetic strength performance at the beginning and the end of the season. Twenty-one male professional soccer players (age: 26.0 ± 4.1 years, height: 181.0 ± 6.9 cm, body mass: 73.7 ± 6.9 kg) were assessed in isokinetic strength (Biodex System 4 Pro Dynamometer), and Optojump Next (Microgate, Bolzano, Italy). Isokinetic strength analyses considered the peak torque scores of knee flexors and knee extensors, according to the player's preferred and non-preferred limb. The countermovement and squat jump maximum height were assessed as lower body explosive strength indicators. No significant differences were found when comparing injured and non-injured players in vertical jump and isokinetic strength assessments. However, significant results were found when comparing both groups’ initial and final evaluation in isokinetic strength assessment, with both groups significantly improving their performance. Our findings indicate that the overall lower body strength performance was not a discriminant factor between injured and non-injury players. Thus, muscular strength assessment performance increased throughout the season independently of the injury profile. Future research needs to integrate other variables related to sports injuries since they seem to result from multifactorial causes.
- A systematic review of the physical, physiological, nutritional and anthropometric profiles of soccer refereesPublication . Martinho, Diogo V.; Field, Adam; Rebelo, André; Gouveia, Élvio R.; Sarmento, HugoBackground The importance of soccer referees is widely accepted by international soccer organizations and gov erning bodies, although there is little research summarizing and appraising the literature on soccer referees. The aim of this study was to systematically review the information related to physical demands, nutrition and physiological profling of soccer referees. Methods Conforming with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guide lines, searches of three electronic databases (Web of Sciences, PubMed and Scopus) were conducted on 24 April 2022. The following search terms were used: (Soccer OR football AND refer*) AND (physical OR physiolo* OR load* OR “body composition” OR “fat mass” OR “fat free mass” OR “body size” OR “nutrition*” OR “nutritional assessment” OR “nutritional intake” OR “macronutrient*” OR “micronutrient*”). The inclusion criteria of the manuscripts written in English were that articles with male and/or female soccer referees and included relevant data concerning perfor mance, physical testing, nutrition, body composition, body size and/or physiology of soccer referees. The tools devel oped by the National Institute of Health were used to assess risk of bias according to the study design. Results In total, 110 manuscripts were included in the present review. Match activities of soccer referees and assis tant referees are not comparable. Variation in performance is infuenced by competitive level and competitive sched ules. Additionally, match performance is often used to validate feld protocols. The associations between match indi cators and feld protocols were not constant across the included studies, particularly in short-maximal tests. An age decline in physical performance was not conclusive. Body size did not discriminate between referees and assistant referees, as well as referees of diferent competitive levels. Few studies focused on nutritional guidelines among refer ees, particularly exercise energy expenditure. Energy intake was comparable across studies, but referees did not follow the daily dietary recommendations. Aerobic output was frequently assessed, and it was not comparable to the values for soccer players. Conclusions Although there are decreases in the running profles of older referees, they maintain the same dis tances from the ball, and thus, age per se should not be used to defne participation at the international level. The assessment of physical ftness warrants future consideration given the levels of fatigue that are apparent at the end of matches. In order to attain ideal levels of body composition, future studies need to provide guidelines for daily energy expenditure and nutritional intake.
- Variations in locomotor intensities across soccer match halves concerning player sectorial positionsPublication . Gouveia, Élvio Rubio; França, Cíntia; Henriques, Ricardo; Santos, Francisco; Mâncio, Rui; Przednowek, Krzysztof; Sarmento, Hugo; Gouveia, Élvio Rúbio; França, Cíntia; Baeta Santos, Francisco José; Sarmento, HugoPurposeThis study aims to explore disparities in locomotor metrics such as total distance (TD), high-speed running (HSR), accelerations (Acc), decelerations (Dec), and maximum speed (MS) across five soccer positions – centre defenders, fullbacks, midfielders, wingers, and forwards – during the 1-, 3-, and 5-minute match intensity periods (MIP). Additionally, it seeks to assess the difference in those locomotor metrics between the first and second halves of the match.MethodsAn observational, retrospective cohort study was undertaken with a professional team covering 32 official matches. A total of 20 soccer players participated in this study. Data were collected using a 10-Hz GNSS unit (Apex pro series, StatSports, Northern Ireland). The MIP considered different time durations (1, 3, 5 min in the 1st and the 2nd halves).ResultsSoccer players exhibited position-specific differences in locomotion, with Wingers covering the most distance and forwards showing the highest Acc and Dec. HSR was most notable in the fullbacks. The second half saw varied changes, with midfielders increasing in distance covered. ANCOVA revealed significant positional differences in TD during longer MIPs and between match halves. HSR varied across positions but only differed between halves in the 5-minute MIP. Acc and Dec displayed half-time differences, while maximal speed was consistently higher in the second half.ConclusionsThis study highlights the impact of player position and matches progression on locomotor metrics in soccer, underscoring the need for customised training and strategic adaptability to maximise performance throughout the game.
- Knee and hip muscle strength of male soccer players from different competitive levelsPublication . França, Cíntia; Martins, Francisco; Przednowek, Krzysztof; Marques, Adilson; Ihle, Andreas; Sarmento, Hugo; Gouveia, Élvio Rúbio; França, Cíntia; Pestana Martins, João Francisco; Marques, Adilson; Ihle, Andreas; Sarmento, Hugo; Gouveia, Élvio RúbioIn soccer, knee and hip muscle strength assessments have been recommended for injury prevention. The aims of this study were threefold: (1) to compare knee and hip muscle strength between professional players competing at different levels; (2) to compare strength performance according to the preferred leg (PL) and the non-preferred leg (NPL); and (3) to compare knee and hip muscle strength performance at two moments of the season. This study included 33 professional soccer players: 13 were in the elite group (EG), and 20 were in the sub-elite group (SEG). Body composition, isokinetic knee strength at 60º/s, and hip adduction strength were assessed at two different moments (M1 and M2). Values of peak torque (PT), peak torque/bodyweight (PT/BW), and the hamstring-to-quadriceps strength ratio (H:Q) for knee extensors (KEs) and knee flexors (KFs) for both legs were used for analysis. The statistical analysis included the Mann-Whitney U and the Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests. At M1, the EG presented a significantly better performance in KF PT/BW and in the squeeze strength test for the PL and the NPL (p 0.01). At M2, the EG performed substantially better in KE PT/BW and KF PT/BW (p 0.01). No substantial strength differences were observed in knee and hip muscle performance between the PL and the NPL. From M1 to M2, significant increases were found in knee strength in both groups (p 0.01). Overall, the EG players outperformed significantly their lower-division peers in strength assessments. The results indicate significant knee and hip muscle strength increases during the season, probably as a response to the exposure to training and competition.
- Lower-body power, body composition, speed, and agility performance among youth soccer playersPublication . França, Cíntia; Gouveia, Élvio; Martins, Francisco; Ihle, Andreas; Henriques, Ricardo; Marques, Adilson; Sarmento, Hugo; Przednowek, Krzysztof; Lopes, Helder; França, Cíntia; Gouveia, Élvio Rúbio; Pestana Martins, João Francisco; Ihle, Andreas; Marques, Adilson; Sarmento, Hugo; Lopes, HelderSpeed and agility have been described as crucial abilities for soccer players. The purpose of this study was to analyze, in detail, the variance in speed and agility tasks explained by lower-body power after controlling for age and body composition. The participants were 96 male soccer players aged 16.1 ± 1.6 years. Body composition (stature, body fat percentage—BF%, body mass, and fat-free mass—FFM), lower-body power (countermovement jump—CMJ, and squat jump—SJ), speed (5-, 10-, and 35 m sprints), and agility (t-test) were assessed. Among body composition parameters, BF% presented the highest number of significant relationships with speed and agility, with the strength of correlations ranging from small (5 m sprint, r = 0.25) to large (35 m sprint, r = 0.52). The strongest correlation coefficient emerged between FFM and the 35 m sprint (r = −0.65). Significant correlations were found between vertical jump performance and the 35 m sprint (CMJ: r = −0.68; SJ: r = −0.69), followed by the t-test (CMJ: r = −0.35; SJ: r = −0.47). The hierarchical multiple regression model could explain 22% to 67% of the variance observed in agility scores and speed. BF% remained the most statistically significant negative predictor of all regression models. The CMJ remained a statistically significant positive predictor of the 35 m sprint (β = −0.581, p ≤ 0.01) after controlling for age and body composition. Integrating programs targeting lower-body power might be important to enhance speed and agility performance in youth soccer. On the other hand, future research based on multidisciplinary approaches to investigate the effects of nutritional strategies in reducing or preventing gains in BF% is still needed, which remained a significant predictor of sprint and agility performance in the final models.
- Analyzing the effects of competitive fatigue on body composition and functional capacities of youth elite handball playersPublication . Martins, Francisco; França, Cíntia; Sarmento, Hugo; Przednowek, Krzysztof; Śliż, Maciej; Campos, Pedro; Lopes, Helder; Marques, Adilson; Gouveia, Élvio Rúbio; Pestana Martins, João Francisco; França, Cíntia; Sarmento, Hugo; Pereira Campos, Pedro Filipe; Lopes, Helder; Marques, Adilson; Gouveia, Élvio RúbioHandball demands intense movements like rapid direction changes and physical contact. Consecutive competitions expose player fatigue and weaknesses due to the sport’s exhaustive nature. Therefore, the aims of this study are twofold: (i) to investigate the impact of competitive fatigue on the body composition of youth elite handball players, and (ii) to analyze the impact of concentrated competition on their functional capacity performance. Seventeen young male handball players (age: 16.2 years, height; 177.8 cm, body mass: 73.0 kg) were assessed twenty-four hours before (TM1) and after the competitive period (TM2) in body composition, static strength, lower- and upper-body explosive strength, speed, agility, balance, and flexibility indicators. A Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was conducted to assess differences in body composition and functional capacities assessment between TM1 and TM2. Regarding results, body mass significantly increased in TM2 (p < 0.01), while increases in waist circumference and body fat percentage were not statistically significant. Functional capacity assessments revealed a significant decline in jumping performance (CMJ and SJ; p ≤ 0.01). Speed and agility assessments showed worse performance in TM2, significantly increasing 30 m sprint time (p ≤ 0.01). Balance indicators showed no significant differences, with mixed results in performance across different conditions. In sum, evaluating vertical jumps and long-distance maximum speed (i.e., 30 meters) could be valid tests for measuring and controlling fatigue in young elite handball players. Future research should regularly monitor young handballers after the competition to analyze the entire fatigue recovery process.
- Lower body strength and body composition in female footballPublication . França, Cíntia; Saldanha, Carolina; Martins, Francisco; Nascimento, Marcelo de Maio; Marques, Adilson; Ihle, Andreas; Sarmento, Hugo; Campos, Pedro; Gouveia, Élvio Rubio; França, Cíntia; da Costa Saldanha, Carolina Filipa; Pestana Martins, João Francisco; Marques, Adilson; Ihle, Andreas; Sarmento, Hugo; Pereira Campos, Pedro Filipe; Gouveia, Élvio RúbioAbstract Lower-body strength plays a crucial role in football performance and injury prevention, and thus, monitoring of strength variables has become crucial in the training process. This study aims to (1) assess knee muscle strength performance through intra- and inter-limb asymmetries and (2) examine the relationships between knee muscle strength, body composition, and vertical jump performance (squat jump and countermovement jump). Twenty-seven semiprofessional female football players (21.5 ± 4.9 years) were evaluated for body composition, isokinetic knee muscle strength (60º/s and 180º/s), and vertical jump tasks. Peak torque (PT), peak torque/body weight (PT/BW), bilateral strength deficit, and the hamstring-to-quadriceps strength ratio (H/Q) for knee extensors (KE) and flexors (KF) in both the preferred and non-preferred legs. The H/Q ratio and the bilateral strength deficit revealed no significant intra- or inter-limb asymmetries in knee muscle strength. Strong correlations were found between vertical jump performance and KE strength at both 60º/s (p ≤ 0.01) and 180º/s (p ≤ 0.01). Additionally, a significant negative correlation was observed between vertical jump performance and body fat percentage (p ≤ 0.01). These findings highlight the critical role of knee muscle strength in explosive tasks and underline the negative impact of higher body fat on lower-body strength performance.