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The synthetic cannabinoids phenomenon: from structure to toxicological properties. A review

2020Journal article Open access
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dc.contributor.authorAlves, Vera L.
dc.contributor.authorGonçalves, João L.
dc.contributor.authorAguiar, Joselin
dc.contributor.authorTeixeira, Helena M.
dc.contributor.authorCâmara, José S.
dc.date.accessioned2022-10-06T11:03:43Z
dc.date.available2022-10-06T11:03:43Z
dc.date.issued2020
dc.description.abstractThe word “cannabinoid” refers to every chemical substance, regardless of structure or origin, that joins the cannabinoid receptors of the body and brain and that have similar effects to those produced by the Cannabis plant and based on their source of production, cannabinoids can be classified into endocannabinoids, phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids. Synthetic cannabinoids represent the largest class of drugs detected through the EU Early Warning System with a total of 190 substances notified from 2008 to 2018 and about 280 have been reported worldwide to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Sprayed on natural herb mixtures with the aim to mimic the euphoria effect of cannabis and sold as “herbal smoking blends” or “herbal incense” under brand names like “Spice” or “K2”, synthetic cannabinoids are available from websites for the combination with herbal materials or more recently, for the use in e-cigarettes. Currently labeled as “not for human consumption” to circum vent legislation, their legal status varies by country with many government institutions currently push ing for their control. However, due to the emergence of new substances, it requires a constant update of the list of controlled drugs. Little is known about how these substances work and their toxic effects in humans and the same product could vary not only in the amount and in the type of substance added. In the last years, synthetic cannabinoids have been associated with deaths and acute intoxica tions in Europe and, despite a range of new measures introduced in this area, continue to represent a challenge to current drug policy models. These synthetic substances are much more potent than nat ural cannabis, as well as displayed greater efficacy, acting as full agonists at the cannabinoid receptors. It is possible that, along with being highly potent, some may also have long half-lives, potentially lead ing to a prolonged psychoactive effect. The present work provides a review on existing literature about the development of synthetic cannabinoids as substances of abuse, current patterns of abuse and their legal status, chemical classification, and some pharmacological and toxicological properties.pt_PT
dc.description.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionpt_PT
dc.identifier.citationVera L. Alves, João L. Gonçalves, Joselin Aguiar, Helena M. Teixeira & José S. Câmara (2020): The synthetic cannabinoids phenomenon: from structure to toxicological properties. A review, Critical Reviews in Toxicology, DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1762539pt_PT
dc.identifier.doi10.1080/10408444.2020.1762539pt_PT
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.13/4690
dc.language.isoengpt_PT
dc.peerreviewedyespt_PT
dc.publisherTaylor and Francis Grouppt_PT
dc.relationMadeira Chemistry Research Centre
dc.relationEstabelecimento do perfil metabólico e avaliação da citotoxicidade das novas substâncias psicoativas pertencentes à classe das catinonas sintéticas
dc.relationEstudo da influência do metabolismo na toxicidade das novas substâncias psicoativas pertencentes ao grupo dos canabinóides sintéticos
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/pt_PT
dc.subjectSynthetic cannabinoidspt_PT
dc.subjectCannabispt_PT
dc.subjectNew psychoactive substancespt_PT
dc.subjectPharmacologypt_PT
dc.subjectToxicologypt_PT
dc.subject.pt_PT
dc.subjectFaculdade de Ciências Exatas e da Engenhariapt_PT
dc.subjectCentro de Química da Madeira
dc.titleThe synthetic cannabinoids phenomenon: from structure to toxicological properties. A reviewpt_PT
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardTitleMadeira Chemistry Research Centre
oaire.awardTitleEstabelecimento do perfil metabólico e avaliação da citotoxicidade das novas substâncias psicoativas pertencentes à classe das catinonas sintéticas
oaire.awardTitleEstudo da influência do metabolismo na toxicidade das novas substâncias psicoativas pertencentes ao grupo dos canabinóides sintéticos
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UID%2FQUI%2F00674%2F2019/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/OE/SFRH%2FBD%2F116895%2F2016/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT//SFRH%2FBD%2F117426%2F2016/PT
oaire.citation.endPage382pt_PT
oaire.citation.issue5pt_PT
oaire.citation.startPage359pt_PT
oaire.citation.titleCritical Reviews in Toxicologypt_PT
oaire.citation.volume50pt_PT
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.fundingStreamOE
person.familyNameAlves
person.familyNameGonçalves
person.familyNameVieira de Aguiar
person.familyNameCâmara
person.givenNameVera
person.givenNameJoão
person.givenNameJoselin Maria
person.givenNameJosé
person.identifierG-3003-2013
person.identifier.ciencia-idE515-0AFA-CB1D
person.identifier.ciencia-id8C14-3188-9E44
person.identifier.ciencia-id3F12-E8DA-B5F1
person.identifier.ciencia-id481C-08CE-90E5
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-1485-6032
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-1265-6686
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-9085-6405
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-1965-3151
person.identifier.ridC-1348-2019
person.identifier.scopus-author-id55792994000
person.identifier.scopus-author-id52163735200
person.identifier.scopus-author-id10140393000
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
rcaap.rightsopenAccesspt_PT
rcaap.typearticlept_PT
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