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A systematic review of the physical, physiological, nutritional and anthropometric profiles of soccer referees

dc.contributor.authorMartinho, Diogo V.
dc.contributor.authorField, Adam
dc.contributor.authorRebelo, André
dc.contributor.authorGouveia, Élvio R.
dc.contributor.authorSarmento, Hugo
dc.date.accessioned2023-10-23T16:11:15Z
dc.date.available2023-10-23T16:11:15Z
dc.date.issued2023
dc.description.abstractBackground The importance of soccer referees is widely accepted by international soccer organizations and gov erning bodies, although there is little research summarizing and appraising the literature on soccer referees. The aim of this study was to systematically review the information related to physical demands, nutrition and physiological profling of soccer referees. Methods Conforming with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guide lines, searches of three electronic databases (Web of Sciences, PubMed and Scopus) were conducted on 24 April 2022. The following search terms were used: (Soccer OR football AND refer*) AND (physical OR physiolo* OR load* OR “body composition” OR “fat mass” OR “fat free mass” OR “body size” OR “nutrition*” OR “nutritional assessment” OR “nutritional intake” OR “macronutrient*” OR “micronutrient*”). The inclusion criteria of the manuscripts written in English were that articles with male and/or female soccer referees and included relevant data concerning perfor mance, physical testing, nutrition, body composition, body size and/or physiology of soccer referees. The tools devel oped by the National Institute of Health were used to assess risk of bias according to the study design. Results In total, 110 manuscripts were included in the present review. Match activities of soccer referees and assis tant referees are not comparable. Variation in performance is infuenced by competitive level and competitive sched ules. Additionally, match performance is often used to validate feld protocols. The associations between match indi cators and feld protocols were not constant across the included studies, particularly in short-maximal tests. An age decline in physical performance was not conclusive. Body size did not discriminate between referees and assistant referees, as well as referees of diferent competitive levels. Few studies focused on nutritional guidelines among refer ees, particularly exercise energy expenditure. Energy intake was comparable across studies, but referees did not follow the daily dietary recommendations. Aerobic output was frequently assessed, and it was not comparable to the values for soccer players. Conclusions Although there are decreases in the running profles of older referees, they maintain the same dis tances from the ball, and thus, age per se should not be used to defne participation at the international level. The assessment of physical ftness warrants future consideration given the levels of fatigue that are apparent at the end of matches. In order to attain ideal levels of body composition, future studies need to provide guidelines for daily energy expenditure and nutritional intake.pt_PT
dc.description.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionpt_PT
dc.identifier.citationMartinho, D. V., Field, A., Rebelo, A., Gouveia, É. R., & Sarmento, H. (2023). A systematic review of the physical, physiological, nutritional and anthropometric profiles of soccer referees. Sports Medicine-Open, 9(1), 72.pt_PT
dc.identifier.doi10.1186/s40798-023-00610-7pt_PT
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.13/5332
dc.language.isoengpt_PT
dc.peerreviewedyespt_PT
dc.publisherSpringerpt_PT
dc.subjectMatch performancept_PT
dc.subjectPhysical testspt_PT
dc.subjectNutritionpt_PT
dc.subjectBody compositionpt_PT
dc.subjectRefereespt_PT
dc.subject.pt_PT
dc.subjectFaculdade de Ciências Sociaispt_PT
dc.titleA systematic review of the physical, physiological, nutritional and anthropometric profiles of soccer refereespt_PT
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.issue1pt_PT
oaire.citation.titleSports Medicine - Openpt_PT
oaire.citation.volume9pt_PT
person.familyNameMartinho
person.familyNameField
person.familyNameRebelo
person.familyNameGouveia
person.familyNameSarmento
person.givenNameDiogo
person.givenNameAdam
person.givenNameAndré
person.givenNameÉlvio Rúbio
person.givenNameHugo
person.identifier1217521
person.identifier2087801
person.identifier404227
person.identifier.ciencia-id3319-3E7D-B233
person.identifier.ciencia-idBC10-3663-DFFE
person.identifier.ciencia-id3B10-8BDF-0D67
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-0825-4032
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-2600-6182
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-2441-9167
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-0927-692X
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-8681-0642
person.identifier.ridAAW-5661-2020
person.identifier.ridK-8684-2012
person.identifier.scopus-author-id57212506999
person.identifier.scopus-author-id57525423900
person.identifier.scopus-author-id37666678400
rcaap.rightsopenAccesspt_PT
rcaap.typearticlept_PT
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