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- The impact of gender on parenting stress: the intersection of socio-demographic variables, parenting styles and workloadPublication . Gomes, Karina da Silva; Faria, Ana Lúcia dos Santos; Barreto, Mary Alejandra LuizParenting represents a rewarding yet demanding role that often entails significant stress, particularly in cultural contexts such as Portugal, where traditional gender roles continue to shape caregiving responsibilities. This quantitative correlational survey study examines the factors influencing parental stress among parents of children aged 3 to 10 years in Portugal, with a particular focus on gender differences. Data were collected via a self reported online questionnaire distributed through social media, comprising 222 participants. Instruments included validated Portuguese versions of the Parental Stress Scale, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale – Short Form, the Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran – Parent Version, and the Parental Sense of Competence Scale. Sociodemographic and workload variables were also assessed. Statistical analyses examined associations between parental stress and emotional regulation difficulties, parenting styles, parental sense of competence, sociodemographic factors, and workload, divided by gender. Results revealed strong positive correlations between parental stress and difficulties in emotion regulation, particularly among mothers. At the same time, parenting styles characterized by rejection were associated with higher stress, while emotional support was linked to lower stress levels. Parental competence showed a robust negative association with stress across genders. Sociodemographic and workload factors exhibited limited but nuanced effects, with gender-specific patterns notably apparent. These findings highlight the complex interplay of emotional, relational, and contextual factors in parental stress, underscoring the importance of gender-sensitive interventions that enhance emotion regulation and parenting competence. The study contributes to the literature by examining associations between parental stress and multiple related factors within a culturally specific context.