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- Relationship between Objective and Subjective Fatigue Monitoring Tests in Professional SoccerPublication . Lourenço, João; Gouveia, Élvio Rúbio; Sarmento, Hugo; Ihle, Andreas; Ribeiro, Tiago; Henriques, Ricardo; Martins, Francisco; França, Cíntia; Ferreira, Ricardo Maia; Fernandes, Luís; Teques, Pedro; Duarte, DanielStudying fatigue is challenging because it is influenced by physiological, psychological, and sociological states. Fatigue can be assessed objectively or subjectively, but the literature has difficulty understanding how an analytical test relates to a response via a questionnaire. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships between objective fatigue variables (Squat Jump (SJ) and Countermovement Jump (CMJ)) measured on day-2 to the game and subjective fatigue (Rating Perceived Exertion (RPE) measured on day-3 to the game and Hooper Index (HI) measured on day-2). The sample comprised 32 professional football players from the First Portuguese League aged 25.86 ± 3.15 years. The Spearman correlations and regression analyses were used to study the relationships between the variables. The results showed statistically significant (p < 0.05) but small correlations (0.113–0.172) between several objective metrics and the subjective metrics evaluated. In addition, we found two weak models with statistical significance (p < 0.05) between the dependent objective variables (contact time, height, and elasticity index) and the HI (R 2 = 3.7%) and RPE (R 2 = 1.6%). Also, nine statistically significant (p < 0.05) but weak models were observed between the subjective dependent variables (HI and RPE) and contact time (R 2 = 1.8–2.7%), flight time (R 2 = 1.1–1.9%), height (R 2 = 1.2–2.3%), power (R 2 = 1.4%), pace (R 2 = 1.2–2.1%), and elasticity index (R 2 = 1.6%). In conclusion, objective and subjective fatigue-monitoring tests in professional soccer do not measure identical but rather complementary aspects of fatigue, and therefore, both need to be considered to gain a holistic perspective.
- Body composition variations between injured and non-injured professional soccer playersPublication . Martins, Francisco; França, Cíntia; Henriques, Ricardo; Ihle, Andreas; Przednowek, Krzysztof; Marques, Adilson; Lopes, Helder; Sarmento, Hugo; Gouveia, Élvio RúbioProfessional soccer is characterized by its physical demands, making players’ exposure to high injury risks a growing problem. It is crucial to study the factors associated with injuries in professional soccer. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between age, body composition, and others variables related with the injury profle of professional soccer players of a specifc Portuguese team. Also, it analyzed the impact of the injury profle on soccer’s variations in body fat (BF%), skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and total body water (TBW) throughout the season. The sample comprised 31 male professional soccer players competing in the First Portuguese Soccer League. Older players had a higher prevalence of muscular injuries. Midfelders and forwards showed the highest number of muscular injuries during the season being quadriceps the most afected zone. Considering players’ BF% [Wilks’ Lambda = 0.42, F (7, 23) = 4.61, p= 0.002, r = 0.58], SMM [Wilks’ Lambda = 0.59, F (6, 23) = 2.70, p= 0.039, r = 0.41] and TBW [Wilks’ Lambda = 0.54, F (7, 23) = 2.80, p= 0.029, r = 0.46] there was a substantial main efect for the assessments performed throughout the season and the injury status. Age assumes relevance in explaining the injury profle. The impact of the injury profle on soccer’s variations in BF%, SMM and TBW throughout the season must be analyzed considering the clinical relevance.
- Predictive Modeling of Injury Risk Based on Body Composition and Selected Physical Fitness Tests for Elite Football PlayersPublication . Martins, Francisco; Przednowek, Krzysztof; França, Cíntia; Lopes, Helder; Nascimento, Marcelo de Maio; Sarmento, Hugo; Marques, Adilson; Ihle, Andreas; Henriques, Ricardo; Gouveia, Élvio Rúbio: Injuries are one of the most significant issues for elite football players. Consequently, elite football clubs have been consistently interested in having practical, interpretable, and usable models as decision-making support for technical staff. This study aimed to analyze predictive modeling of injury risk based on body composition variables and selected physical fitness tests for elite football players through a sports season. The sample comprised 36 male elite football players who competed in the First Portuguese Soccer League in the 2020/2021 season. The models were calculated based on 22 independent variables that included players’ information, body composition, physical fitness, and one dependent variable, the number of injuries per season. In the net elastic analysis, the variables that best predicted injury risk were sectorial positions (defensive and forward), body height, sit-and reach performance, 1 min number of push-ups, handgrip strength, and 35 m linear speed. This study considered multiple-input single-output regression-type models. The analysis showed that the most accurate model presented in this work generates an error of RMSE = 0.591. Our approach opens a novel perspective for injury prevention and training monitorization. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to identify risk factors associated with injury prediction in elite soccer players, as this is a rising topic that requires several analyses performed in different contexts.
- A Systematic Review of the Association Between Muscular Fitness and Telomere Length Across the Adult LifespanPublication . Marques, Adilson; Peralta, Miguel; Marconcin, Priscila; Henriques-Neto, Duarte; Gouveia, Élvio Rúbio; Ferrari, Gerson; Martins, João; Sarmento, Hugo; Ihle, AndreasThis study aimed to systematically review the association between telomere length (TL) and muscular fitness. In October 2020, an articles search was applied to PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Eligibility criteria included: cross-sectional, prospective, and experimental study design; outcomes included TL; results expressed the relationship between muscular fitness and TL; studies published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish. Nine studies were included in the review. Results from the four prospective studies are mixed. In one study, the changes in TL were associated with grip strength. Another study concluded that longer mid-life TL was associated with increased grip strength later in life. However, in the other two studies, the association between TL and sarcopenia was not strong. Nevertheless, longer TL was associated with a slower decline in grip strength in older people. From the four cross-sectional studies, three indicated that TL was associated with muscular fitness. On the other hand, in a study with powerlifters, TL remained within the range of values found in subjects with no history of regular strength training, supporting the notion that muscular fitness was not associated with TL. The cross-sectional and prospective studies showed that the relationship between TL and muscular fitness is not conclusive. It seems that there is a positive association between TL and muscular fitness in middle-aged and older adults. However, among younger adults, this relationship was not observed.
- Characterization of Static Strength, Vertical Jumping, and Isokinetic Strength in Soccer Players According to Age, Competitive Level, and Field PositionPublication . Gouveia, João Nuno; França, Cíntia; Martins, Francisco; Henriques, Ricardo; Nascimento, Marcelo de Maio; Ihle, Andreas; Sarmento, Hugo; Przednowek, Krzysztof; Martinho, Diogo V.; Gouveia, Élvio Rúbio: Muscular strength is strongly related to speed and agility tasks, which have been described as the most decisive actions preceding goals in the soccer game. This study aimed to characterize the players’ strength indicators and to analyze the variation associated with age, competition level, and positional role. Eighty-three male soccer players from A team (n = 22), B team (n = 17), U-23 (n = 19), and U-19 (n = 25) participated in this study. Handgrip strength was assessed using a hand dynamometer (Jamar Plus+), countermovement jump (CMJ) and the squat jump (SJ) were evaluated using Optojump Next, and a Biodex System 4 Pro Dynamometer was used to assess the isokinetic strength of knee extension/flexion. Team A players showed increased lower-body strength compared to their peers, mainly through their increased vertical jumping capacity (i.e., CMJ and SJ; ps < 0.019), and superior performance in isokinetic assessments (i.e., peak torque, total work, and average power). Overall, older players outperformed their younger peers regarding vertical jumping, static strength, and average power in isokinetic strength (ps < 0.005). This study emphasizes the superior strength levels of professional soccer players compared with their lower-division peers, even after controlling by age. This information is of great value to sports agents and coaches, underlining the need to design and include strength-specific content during soccer training.
- Effects of changing the head coach on soccer team’s performance: a systematic reviewPublication . Sousa, H.; Clemente, F. M.; Gouveia, E. R.; Field, Adam; Sarmento, H.Review question / Objective: The aim of this systematic review is to analyze the effects of changing the soccer head coach on the overall team’s performance, locomotor demands of players, technical/tactical responses of players, and psychological responses of players. Eligibility criteria: P: Among professional soccer players what is the effect of head-coach replacement; E: Exposure to the change of the head-coach; C: Last weeks of the fired head coach compared with the first weeks of the new head-coach; O: locomotor performance, sports results, mental health metrics. Inclusion criteria will be: (1) articles written in English; (2) carried out in professional football teams. Studies will be excluded if: (1) written in another language other than the one selected; (2) in the case of theses, books and non scientific articles.
- Body Composition and Physical Fitness in Madeira YouthPublication . Martinho, Diogo V.; Gouveia, Élvio Rúbio; França, Cíntia; Lopes, Helder; Ihle, Andreas; Marques, Adilson; Rodrigues, Ana; Alves, Ricardo; Sarmento, HugoResearch on composition and physical fitness is lacking in school-aged children from Madeira. This study aimed to examine the frequencies of overweight and obese participants and, in addition, to compare the fitness levels of Madeira youth with reference data. Methods: The sample comprised 521 participants (n = 258 boys; n = 263 girls) aged 10.0–18.9 years old. Methods: Height and weight were measured. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated, and percent fat was derived from skinfolds. Tests detailed on FITESCOLA battery were performed. BMI was plotted against U.S. reference data and physical assessment contrasted with the cut-off points of FITESCOLA protocol and corresponding data developed in Portuguese youth. Results: The percentages of overweight and obesity were 15% (overweight) and 14% (obesity) for boys and 16% (overweight) and 6% (obesity) for girls. The median values of fat mass percentage were closely related to the cut-off standards; however, substantial variation was noted. Boys and girls tended to be below the recommendations of cardiorespiratory fitness. Conclusions: Sport participation should be promoted in Madeira to attain acceptable values of body composition and physical fitness levels.
- Characterizing psychomotor abilities of male handball players of different age categoriesPublication . Martins, Francisco; Śliż, Maciej; França, Cíntia; Sarmento, Hugo; Gouveia, Élvio Rubio; Campos, Pedro; Lopes, Helder; Przednowek, Krzysztof; Pestana Martins, João Francisco; França, Cíntia; Borges Sarmento, Hugo Miguel; Sarmento, Hugo; Gouveia, Elvio Rúbio; Gouveia, Élvio Rúbio; Campos, Pedro Filipe Pereira ; Lopes, Helder; Przednowek, KrzysztofSports performance is highly influenced by players’ mental, emotional, and psychomotor abilities. Particularly in handball, training methods aim to maximize players’ performance by fusing physical conditioning with cognitive abilities. The aim of this research was twofold: (1) to characterize players’ psychomotor abilities according to their age categories (U14, U16, and U18), and (2) to analyze the differences between psychomotor abilities profiles according to players’ field positions. The study population comprised 75 male youth handball players (15.3 ± 1.5 years) from different competitive age groups (U14 = 20 players; U16 = 27 players; U18 = 28 players). The psychomotor abilities were evaluated using the Test2Drive system. Three tests were performed to measure psychomotor abilities: (a) a simple reaction time test (SIRT), (b) a choice reaction time test (CHORT), and (c) a spatial anticipation test (SPANT). The only statistically significant difference was observed in the percentage of correct answers in the SPANT, showing that U16 players had a higher rate of correct answers than the others. However, some trends were visible throughout the analysis: (i) the U16 group performed better in terms of reaction time in all the tests, (ii) right-wingers were always the ones who had the best percentage of correct answers, and (iii) central players had the best movement time performance. Future research should include youth players' maturation stage, body composition, and physical fitness performance to characterize their profile deeply and analyze their psychomotor abilities, considering other factors that can impact their sports performance.
- Caracterização fisiológica do jogo de walking football em adultos idososPublication . Teixeira, Francisco; Gouveia, Élvio Rúbio; Gouveia, Élvio Rúbio; Gouveia, Elvio Rúbio; Romão, Tiago; Sarmento, Hugo; Borges Sarmento, Hugo Miguel; Sarmento, Hugo; Marques, Adilson; Marques, Adilson; Ilhe, Andreas; Gouveia, Rosa; Henriques de Gouveia, Rosa; Fernandes, Humberto; Lopes, Helder; Lopes, HelderNos últimos anos, a prática de atividades físicas para idosos tem recebido crescente atenção devido aos seus potenciais benefícios para a saúde e bem-estar dessa população (Gouveia et al., 2023; Moreno-Agostino et al., 2020; Posadzki et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2023). Uma dessas atividades em ascensão é o "walking football", uma variação do futebol convencional que é jogada a um ritmo mais lento, sem corridas ou contatos físicos bruscos, tornando-a adequada para pessoas de todas as idades, incluindo os idosos (Capela et al., 2023; McEwan et al., 2019). O presente estudo tem dois objetivos: aferir a intensidade da atividade física durante a prática do Walking Football em pessoas idosas, visando compreender os níveis de esforço desta modalidade; e avaliar se a prática do Walking Football expõe os participantes ao risco de esforço máximo e por fim, analisar a relação entre idade e intensidade da atividade física no Walking Football. Em termos metodológicos, foi selecionada uma amostra composta por 17 homens e 3 mulheres, totalizando 20 participantes. Antes de iniciar a recolha dos dados os participantes foram informados sobre o presente estudo e todos concordaram com a recolha dos dados. A recolha dos dados foi realizada nos encontros de walking football nas diversas equipas. Os instrumentos utilizados na recolha dos dados foram as seguintes: acelerómetro, estadiómetro, balança, cardiofrequencímetro. Todos os instrumentos foram calibrados e utilizados de acordo com as instruções do fabricante para garantir a precisão e confiabilidade dos dados. No tratamento de dados foram calculados a frequência cardíaca máxima, frequência cárdica média, o número total de passos e o número total do vetor magnitude. Todos esses dados foram recolhidos em cada jogo em que as equipas participavam, com o objetivo de registar apenas o tempo de atividade dos atletas. Durante a prática, quando os participantes permaneceram inativos por 60 segundos, esses dados foram excluídos. Em termos de resultados, verificamos que, a intensidade da atividade física em jogos de walking football foi moderada e moderada -a- vigorosa. Quase 70% dos participantes estiveram no intervalo de 65 85% da FC máxima, o que significa que muitos não atingem valores de esforço máximo. Os resultados também mostraram que quanto mais velhos foram os participantes, menos tempo conseguiram permanecer em atividade de intensidade moderada a vigorosa. Conclui-se que o estudo busca uma compreensão abrangente dos efeitos da prática do Walking Football em pessoas idosas. A aferição da intensidade da atividade física durante o jogo visa fornecer insights sobre os níveis de esforço dos participantes, contribuindo para uma melhor compreensão dos benefícios dessa modalidade para a saúde. A análise da relação entre idade e intensidade da atividade física pode fornecer informações valiosas sobre como diferentes faixas etárias respondem à prática desta modalidade, informando possíveis adaptações ou recomendações para diferentes grupos de idade.
- Avaliação da força muscular dos membros inferiores em futebolistasPublication . França, Cíntia; França, Cíntia; Martins, Francisco; Pestana Martins, João Francisco; Przednowek, Krzysztof; Marques, Adilson; Marques, Adilson; Ihle, Andreas; Ihle, Andreas; Sarmento, Hugo; Borges Sarmento, Hugo Miguel; Sarmento, Hugo; Gouveia, Élvio Rúbio; Gouveia, Élvio Rúbio; Gouveia, Elvio Rúbio; Gouveia, Elvio RúbioNo futebol, a avaliação e monitorização da força ao nível das articulações do joelho e da anca tem sido recomendada no âmbito da prevenção de lesões. Este estudo emerge com os seguintes objetivos: (1) comparar o desempenho da produção de força ao nível das articulações do joelho e da anca entre futebolistas enquadrados em diferentes níveis competitivos; (2) comparar o desempenho da produção de força de acordo com o membro inferior dominante (MD) e o membro inferior não-dominante (MND) em dois momentos da época (M1 e M2). Foram avaliados 33 futebolistas profissionais do sexo masculino: 13 enquadrados no grupo de elite (GE) e 20 enquadrados no grupo de sub-elite (GSE). As avaliações incluíram a composição corporal, o desempenho dos músculos flexores e extensores do joelho a 60º/s, e o desempenho dos músculos adutores da anca. Para a análise, o valor de pico de torque (PT) foi normalizado com base na massa corporal para os músculos flexores e extensores do joelho. No M1, os resultados indicam diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre grupos, favorecendo o GE, no desempenho dos flexores a adutores no MD e MND (p < 0.01). No M2, o GE apresentou um desempenho substancialmente superior nos músculos extensores e flexores (p < 0.01). Na comparação entre a produção de força entre MD e MND, ganhos estatisticamente significativos foram observados entre o M1 e M2 em ambos os grupos (p < 0.01). Na análise global, os futebolistas do GE demonstraram um desempenho superior nos indicadores de força muscular comparativamente ao GSE.
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