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- Prospeção e caracterização dos recursos genéticos de macieira, Malus domestica Borkh, na MadeiraPublication . Gouveia, Carla S.S.; Ascarini, Fabio; Nóbrega, Humberto G. M. de; Freitas, José G. R. de; Carvalho, Miguel Â. A. Pinheiro deA Madeira possui condições agroecológicas únicas, que permitem o desenvolvimento de grande diversidade de espécies frutícolas. A macieira é uma fruteira tradicional na Madeira que se distribui pelas suas freguesias montanhosas, desde o Oeste, Achadas da Cruz, até o Este, Faial. O cultivo da macieira desenvolve-se em pequenos pomares, que albergam uma diversidade de cultivares, cuja produção é consumida em fresco ou utilizada na produção de sidra. A prospeção e inventariação dos recursos genéticos desta fruteira procura aprofundar os conhecimentos sobre a sua diversidade, tendo resultado no registo de 10 variedades de conservação no Catálogo Nacional de Variedades, entre as quais o Pero Domingos, a Maçã Barral, a Maçã Cara de Dama e o Pero Calhau. Os dados desta inventariação são disponibilizados, através das plataformas GRIN-Global e GBIF. Está em curso um projeto que visa a valorização destas variedades locais, através da sua caracterização morfo-agronómica e nutricional. O presente trabalho apresenta os resultados preliminares da caracterização morfométrica de 4 dessas variedades. Os parâmetros utilizados incluem o hábito de crescimento, época de floração, frutificação e colheita, e 10 caracteres morfológicos do fruto. Os resultados obtidos permitem-nos inferir que as 4 variedades são distintas entre si e apresentam características agronómicas que lhes conferem valor comercial. Adicionalmente, o fruto do Pero Domingos foi analisado em relação a 5 parâmetros nutricionais e físico-químicos, e à sua aptidão para consumo em fresco ou processado (desidratado, compotas, sidra). O Pero Domingos apresentou um bom tempo de conservação no pós-colheita. No entanto, recomenda-se o seu uso na produção de sidra ou confeção de compotas até 1 semana de pós-colheita. O teor de sólidos solúveis variou significativamente nas compotas. O pH da sidra diminuiu significativamente com a profundidade da coluna na pipa.
- Anticipating the Climate Change Impacts on Madeira’s Agriculture: The Characterization and Monitoring of a Vine AgrosystemPublication . Carvalho, Miguel Â. A. Pinheiro de; Ragonezi, Carla; Oliveira, Maria Cristina O.; Reis, Fábio; Macedo, Fabrício Lopes; Freitas, José G. R. de; Nóbrega, Humberto; Ganança, José Filipe T.Climate—Madeira Strategy (CMS) foresees two models to describe the climate scenarios for the Madeira region in 2050 and 2070. These scenarios anticipate an average temperature rise of 1.4 to 3.7 ◦C and a decrease in precipitation by 30 to 40%. Consequently, Madeira’s agriculture will suffer the impacts of climate change. To understand these impacts, a baseline of major agrosystem components needs to be established, with the ultimate goal to monitor its consequences in its functioning. CASBio project used the 1961–1991 and 2010–2020 meteorological data series to modulate climate conditions and characterize and monitor six agrosystems for 2 years. One of them was a vineyard, Quinta das Vinhas, representing a typical agrosystem in the Mediterranean climate. The annual and seasonal variation in climatic parameters, soil conditions, microbiological communities, floristic and insect diversity, and crop production was assessed, using a total of 50 parameters. The results were used to establish a baseline of the agrosystem components and their seasonal and annual variation. The major findings are: (i) winter and summer extreme events show a trend in temperature and precipitation supporting a fast change in climate; (ii) a critical imbalance between nitrogen fixing and denitrifying bacteria was identified, especially in summer, that could be determined by the rise in temperature and drought; (iii) among floristic diversity, the therophytes and geophytes confirm to be the most suitable indicators for the rise in temperature and reduction in precipitation in the agrosystems; (iv) an imbalance in favor of C. capitata plague was observed, associated with the summer rise in temperature and decrease in precipitation; (v) despite an increase in most of the grape varieties production, the Madeiran wine local varieties were shown to be less stable in productivity under observed climate conditions. The agrosystem baseline is a starting point for long term monitoring and allows for further quantifying the influence of climate change on agrosystem productivity, resilience, and sustainability.
- Phenotypic flexibility and drought avoidance in taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott)Publication . Gouveia, Carla S. S.; Ganança, José F. T.; Nóbrega, Humberto G. M.; Freitas, José G. R. de; Lebot, Vincent; Carvalho, Miguel Â. A. Pinheiro deTaro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) is a substantial staple food in most of the tropical regions. Prolonged exposure to drought impairs crop production worldwide. Tolerant crops have the best capability to cope and avoid drought, through phenotypic flexibility mechanisms. The water use efficiency (WUE) is well known in taro crops, but very scarce information is available relating to their nutrient efficiency (NER) in drought conditions. Our work provided pertinent information about the physiological variation of seven taro accessions subjected to seven months of drought, by recording the differences for nutrient allocation, chlorophyll canopy, biomass loss, and stress intensity. Significant relationships between control and drought treatments on WUE (+85%), total plant biomass (TPB, -26.8%), chlorophyll content index (CCI, +1.8%), and nutrient harvest index (NHI, +0.2%) were detected. Drought led to a generalized loss of TPB as drought avoidance strategy, although distinct phenotypic flexibility was observed through the root: shoot ratio (R:S) and stress index (SI) from the corm and shoot organs. The nutrient allocation from the corms to shoots, with NER increase registered in drought conditions, can be a valuable tool to complement the TPB and WUE productivity traits, to be used in taro breeding programs.
- Distribution of Genetic Diversity in Beta patula Aiton Populations from Madeira Archipelago, PortugalPublication . Ragonezi, Carla; Nóbrega, Humberto; Leite, Maria Inês; Freitas, José G. R. de; Macedo, Fabrício Lopes; Carvalho, Miguel Â. A. Pinheiro deBeta patula Aiton is a crop wild relative (CWR) which belongs to the Gene Pool 1b and is considered a Critically Endangered species, and is present in very specific environments, such as the Desembarcadouro islet (DI) in Ponta de São Lourenço or Chão islet (CI) in the Desertas Islands. The ISOPlexis Center (University of Madeira) has been providing continuous support for its in situ conservation by keeping a management plan of wild populations and an ex situ conservation strategy through the storage of accessions in the ISOPlexis GeneBank. The present work intends to present the spatial distribution of genetic variability and diversity in these B. patula populations using eight polymorphic Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers. The overall results lead to the identification of three spots with a high genetic diversity. CI with a small cluster of individuals shows a genetic footprint different from DI, having unique alleles present in its population. DI has two distinct areas: the western area, with a higher individual density but with a lower genetic diversity and higher allele fixation; and the central area, with a lower individual count but with a higher genetic diversity and with the presence of unique alleles. Despite some genetic differences, the comparison of the two islets’ DI and CI populations shows that they have more similarities than differences. Analysis of the Molecular Variance, based on the hierarchical cluster, showed a 9% diversity between populations, 68% among individuals, and 23% within individuals. This data will be used for the establishment of a protocol to monitor and manage B. patula genetic diversity under a genetic reserve, subsequently contributing to the European Genetic Reserve network implementation and the protection of this important CWR.