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Impacto das alterações climáticas nas atividades de engenharia civil
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Abstract(s)
As alterações climáticas são variações meteorológicas que já existem desde a formação do
planeta Terra há cerca de 4.5 mil milhões de anos. O maior problema que a Terra está a passar
atualmente é o aquecimento global, que é causado pelo aumento dos gases emitidos com efeito de
estufa, tendo como consequências o aumento do nível médio do mar, precipitações extremas,
variações drásticas de temperaturas, ventos fortes, entre outros.
Neste sentido, esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar o impacto das alterações climáticas
nas atividades de Engenharia Civil. São apresentadas as causas e consequências das alterações
climáticas bem como a sua quantificação a nível geral. Efetua-se uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a
evolução política ambiental e exploração das instituições, convenções e normas existentes. Após a
abordagem do tema em geral, são identificadas as medidas de mitigação e de adaptação que têm vindo
a ser tomadas, concluindo com um balanço das mudanças até à atualidade.
Pretende-se esclarecer os impactos das alterações climáticas para cada ramo da Engenharia
Civil: Geotecnia, Hidráulica, Construção, Estruturas, Vias de Comunicação e Planeamento Urbano.
Dentro de cada uma destas áreas, são identificados e quantificados os agentes mais condicionantes das
alterações climáticas que alteram as atividades de Engenharia Civil.
Por conseguinte aos impactos, são apresentadas várias propostas de alteração de execução das
atividades de Engenharia Civil, tendo em conta as fases do ciclo de vida útil de uma edificação, sendo
essas a fase de projeto, fase de obra e fase de manutenção. As fases mencionadas têm de ser previstas
e considerados os agentes de maior relevância, criando maior resistência e durabilidade às edificações
tendo em conta os eventos de meteorologia atuais.
Dada a pertinência dessa preocupação com o enquadramento ao tema, identificam-se vários
exemplos distintos, já existentes a nível mundial da Engenharia Civil, que contribuem para a mitigação
e adaptação às alterações climáticas, passando por reforços costeiros, melhoramentos de drenagens
urbanas, criação de bacias de retenção e espaços verdes, entre outros.
Desta forma, pode-se concluir que a execução das atividades de Engenharia Civil tem sido
prejudicada de um modo geral pelos agentes extremos atuais, e para tal prevê-se a criação de novos
desafios, estudos e tecnologias desde a fase de projeto à fase de manutenção. Contudo, as obras de
Engenharia Civil têm dado bons contributos para a mitigação e adaptação às alterações climáticas no
planeta e no ser humano.
Climate changes are meteorological variations that have existed since the formation of planet Earth about 4.5 billion years ago. The biggest problem that the Earth is currently experiencing is global warming, which is caused by the increase in greenhouse gases emitted, resulting in an increase in the average sea level, extreme precipitation, drastic temperature variations, strong winds, between others. In this sense, this dissertation aims to analyze the impact of climate change on Civil Engineering activities. The causes and consequences of climate change are presented, as well as their quantification at a general level. A bibliographic review is carried out on the evolution of environmental policy and the exploration of existing institutions, conventions, and norms. After approaching the theme in general, the mitigation and adaptation measures that have been taken are identified, concluding with a balance of the changes to date. It is intended to clarify the impacts of climate change for each branch of Civil Engineering: Geotechnics, Hydraulics, Construction, Structures, Roads, and Urban Planning. Within each of these areas, the most conditioning agents of climate change that modify Civil Engineering activities are identified and quantified. As a result of the impacts, several proposals are presented to change the execution of Civil Engineering activities, taking into account the phases of the useful life cycle of a building, these being the design phase, construction phase and maintenance phase. The mentioned phases must be foreseen and considered the most relevant agents, creating greater resistance and durability to the buildings taking into account the current meteorological events. Given the pertinence of this concern with framing the theme, several different examples are identified, already existing worldwide in Civil Engineering, which contribute to the mitigation and adaptation to climate changes, including coastal reinforcements, improvements in urban drainage, creation of retention basins and green spaces, among others. In this way, it can be concluded that the execution of Civil Engineering activities has been hampered in general by current extreme agents, and for that it is foreseen the creation of new challenges, studies, and technologies from the design phase to the maintenance phase. However, Civil Engineering works have made good contributions to mitigate and adapt the climate changes effects on the planet and in human beings.
Climate changes are meteorological variations that have existed since the formation of planet Earth about 4.5 billion years ago. The biggest problem that the Earth is currently experiencing is global warming, which is caused by the increase in greenhouse gases emitted, resulting in an increase in the average sea level, extreme precipitation, drastic temperature variations, strong winds, between others. In this sense, this dissertation aims to analyze the impact of climate change on Civil Engineering activities. The causes and consequences of climate change are presented, as well as their quantification at a general level. A bibliographic review is carried out on the evolution of environmental policy and the exploration of existing institutions, conventions, and norms. After approaching the theme in general, the mitigation and adaptation measures that have been taken are identified, concluding with a balance of the changes to date. It is intended to clarify the impacts of climate change for each branch of Civil Engineering: Geotechnics, Hydraulics, Construction, Structures, Roads, and Urban Planning. Within each of these areas, the most conditioning agents of climate change that modify Civil Engineering activities are identified and quantified. As a result of the impacts, several proposals are presented to change the execution of Civil Engineering activities, taking into account the phases of the useful life cycle of a building, these being the design phase, construction phase and maintenance phase. The mentioned phases must be foreseen and considered the most relevant agents, creating greater resistance and durability to the buildings taking into account the current meteorological events. Given the pertinence of this concern with framing the theme, several different examples are identified, already existing worldwide in Civil Engineering, which contribute to the mitigation and adaptation to climate changes, including coastal reinforcements, improvements in urban drainage, creation of retention basins and green spaces, among others. In this way, it can be concluded that the execution of Civil Engineering activities has been hampered in general by current extreme agents, and for that it is foreseen the creation of new challenges, studies, and technologies from the design phase to the maintenance phase. However, Civil Engineering works have made good contributions to mitigate and adapt the climate changes effects on the planet and in human beings.
Description
Keywords
Adaptação Alterações climáticas Durabilidade Manutenção Mitigação Obra Projeto Adaptation Climate change Constructions Durability Maintenance Mitigation Project Engenharia Civil . Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia