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- Inter-industry wage dispersion in PortugalPublication . Hartog, Joop; Pereira, Pedro T.; Vieira, José A. C.The emerging notion that corporatism/centralisation reduces inter-industry wage disper sion is the main leading force behind this paper. We use data from a long series of comparable datasets to analyse the evolution of the size of inter-industry wage dispersion in Portugal. We compare the results with the ones obtained in other countries to find that the country has a high inter-industry wage inequality when compared with the European standard. Nevertheless, the dispersion decreased during the second half of the 1980s along with the establishment of a neo-corporatist setting, supporting the expected reduction.
- Subjective assessment on vocational training activities: a generalized ordered probit approachPublication . Budría Rodríguez, Santiago; Pereira, Pedro TelhadoIn this paper, we use self-assessed data from participants in vocational train ing in Madeira to investigate what are the determinants of the effectiveness of the training along three dimensions: employment, job-related skills and produc tivity. We find that respondents score training activities high in every dimension. Moreover, we find that training is more effective among the educated, indicat ing that vocational training is far from being remedial. We also find that long training programs and training in the area of Tourism are particularly effective. The results, based on a Generalized Ordered Probit, uncover the differential ef fect that some characteristics have among individuals who report high and low effectiveness scores.
- Portuguese emigration 1958-1985: some empirical evidencePublication . Pereira, Pedro TelhadoSupplying work in the home country or abroad must be seen as the result of the same decisional process. If that is true, the same set of variables should be used to explain the participa tion in the labor market and the emigration rates. Based upon empirical results, we discuss some of the traditional conclusions of the economic literature. Our empirical results, for example, show that: 1) there is a strong support for considering home wages and the wages in the country of destination asymmetrically, 2) imperfections in the capital markets seem to play an important role when workers must pay for their moving expenses and 3) there is a differential in coefficients between the period before 1974 and after that date, as 1974 is the year most of the Central European countries changed their immigration policies. The results also point to the existence of a large stock of potential emigrants in Portugal. The actual emigration will depend to a great extent on expectations regarding the evolution of real wages in Portugal and in the EC partners. If workers do not expect a rapid growth at home, we will see a large outflow due to the differential of wage levels.
- Who values what in a tourism destination? The case of Madeira IslandPublication . Oliveira, Paulo; Pereira, Pedro TelhadoThis research studies the importance placed on different aspects of a tourism destination – Madeira Island – at the time tourists make their decision to visit. The authors use an ordered probit model to see how the socio-demographic characteristics of the tourists and different aspects of the trip affect the valuation given to 30 different aspects of the destination. They conclude that males tend to value 12 of the aspects less, while valuing golf more. Older tourists place a higher value on the scenery of the destination and a lower value on the more active/sport aspects. The more educated tourists value levadas (man-made water channels with pathways used for pedestrian walks) more and organized tours less. British tourists value the climate and Portuguese tourists value extreme sports. These results are very useful when preparing any marketing strategy and extremely important when preparing development plans for the tourism sector.
- Taxes and women in the labour force in a Southern European country: the case of PortugalPublication . Marques, Ana Cristina Lino; Pereira, Pedro TelhadoAbstract. On looking at the female labour supply in Europe, it is immediately noticed that there is a large variation among countries. One possible explanation for this fact is that different countries have different tax policies, leading to variations in incentive and costs. This has been investigated in papers such as that of Gustafsson (1992a,b) for countries such as Germany and Sweden. The same exercise has been performed by the present authors for a low-income, southern European country, Portugal, which has one of the highest rates of female participation (out of line with neighbouring countries). Female labour supply does not seem to be very sensitive to fiscal policies, as those policies have only a small influence on the take-home wage. This result appears to be independent of the fact that the female labour supply shows a higher elasticity to wages than that which has been reported for other countries. The present authors also show that Portuguese women contribute a much larger proportion of family earnings than do their counterparts in Sweden and Germany, and that the Portuguese fiscal system is rather neutral. Further studies with data from other countries are needed in order to shed more light on the issue of tax harmonization.
- Changing returns to education in Portugal during the 1980s and early 1990s: OLS and quantile regression estimatorsPublication . Hartog, Joop; Pereira, Pedro T.; Vieira, José A. C.This paper examines the evolution of the returns to education in Portugal over the 1980s and early 1990s. The main ®ndings indicate that the returns to education have increased, particularly after joining the European Union in 1986. Since this occurred along with an increase in the level of education within the labour force, the process is most likely demand driven. The results also indicate that modelling on average (i.e. OLS) misses important features of the wage structure. Quantile regression (QR) analysis reveals that the eŒect of education is not constant across the conditional wage distribution. They are higher for those at higher quantiles in the conditional wage distribution. Wage inequality expanded in Portugal over the 1980s and the returns to education had an important role in this process.
- Educational qualifications and wage inequality: evidence for EuropePublication . Budría, Santiago; Pereira, Pedro TelhadoIn this paper we investigate the connection between education and wage inequality in nine European countries. We exploit the quantile regression technique to calculate returns to lower secondary, upper secondary and tertiary education at different points of the wage distribution. Using data from the last few decades, we describe changes in the conditional wage distribution of the surveyed countries. We find that in most European countries the amount of conditional wage dispersion within education groups is substantially higher and has grown faster among college-edu cated workers than among less educated workers
- Does education reduce wage inequality? Quantile regression evidence from 16 countriesPublication . Martins, Pedro S.; Pereira, Pedro T.Quantile regression estimates of returns to education are used to address the relation between schooling and wage inequality. Empirical evidence for male workers from 16 countries for the mid 1990s suggests a robust stylised fact: Returns to schooling are higher for the more skilled individuals, conditional on their observable characteristics. This suggests that schooling has a positive impact upon within-levels wage inequality. Factors such as over-education, ability – schooling interactions and school quality or different fields of study may be driving this result. D 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
- Is there a return–risk link in education?Publication . Pereira, Pedro Telhado; Martins, Pedro SilvaUsing results for 16 countries, the positive relationship between return to education and the risk involved in this investment is studied. It seems that most of the countries fit the pattern well: higher risk–higher return and the tradeoff is rather large.
- Ensino superior - valor económico e financiamento: notas de uma leitura pessoalPublication . Pereira, Pedro Telhado