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- Cross-validation of the Beunen–Malina method to predict adult heightPublication . Beunen, Gaston P.; Malina, Robert M.; Freitas, Duarte L.; Maia, José A.; Claessens, Albrecht L.; Gouveia, Élvio R.; Lefevre, JohanThe purpose of this study was to cross-validate the Beunen–Malina method for non-invasive prediction of adult height. Three hundred and eight boys aged 13, 14, 15 and 16 years from the Madeira Growth Study were observed at annual intervals in 1996, 1997 and 1998 and re-measured 7–8 years later. Height, sitting height and the triceps and subscapular skinfolds were measured; skeletal age was assessed using the Tanner–Whitehouse 2 method. Adult height was measured and predicted using the Beunen–Malina method. Maturity groups were classified using relative skeletal age (skeletal age minus chronological age). Pearson correlations, mean differences and standard errors of estimate (SEE) were calculated. Age-specific correlations between predicted and measured adult height vary between 0.70 and 0.85, while age-specific SEE varies between 3.3 and 4.7 cm. The correlations and SEE are similar to those obtained in the development of the original Beunen–Malina method. The Beunen– Malina method is a valid method to predict adult height in adolescent boys and can be used in European populations or populations from European ancestry. Percentage of predicted adult height is a non-invasive valid method to assess biological maturity.
- The association of healthy lifestyle behaviors with overweight and obesity among older adults from 21 countriesPublication . Marconcin, Priscila; Ihle, Andreas; Werneck, André O.; Gouveia, Élvio R.; Ferrari, Gerson; Peralta, Miguel; Marques, AdilsonThis study aimed to analyze the association of healthy lifestyle behaviors with overweight and obesity among Europeans aged 65+ years. Data were from the 2014 European Social Survey, analyzing 21 countries. Five lifestyle behaviors (physical activity, fruit and vegetable consumption, sleep quality, drinking alcohol, and smoking) were analyzed. Binary logistic regressions were performed. A total of 8938 participants (4099 men) 65 years and older, mean age—73.6 (SD: 6.6) presented prevalence of overweight of 42.3% (95% CI: 41.3 to 43.3) and obesity of 20.9% (95% CI: 20.1 to 21.8). Adopting five healthy behaviors was associated with lower odds of obesity (OR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.63), but not overweight (OR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.79 to 1.10). Physical activity (≥5 days/week) was the most protective behavior, reducing by 42% the odds of obesity. Sex moderated the association of fruits and vegetables consumption, alcohol use, and smoking with obesity. Strategies aiming to reduce obesity levels in older adults should focus on the promotion of multiple lifestyle health behaviors, particularly physical activity in order to decrease vulnerability risk in old age.
- Prevalence of Frailty and Its Association with Depressive Symptoms among European Older Adults from 17 Countries: A 5-Year Longitudinal StudyPublication . Marconcin, Priscila; Barak, Sharon; Ferrari, Gerson; Gouveia, Élvio R.; Nascimento, Marcelo de Maio; Willig, Renata; Varela, Margarida; Marques, AdilsonBackground: This study aimed to examine the association between frailty and depres sive symptoms. Methods: Cross-sectional and five-year longitudinal study. Data were from the population-based Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) waves six (2015) and eight (2020). Frailty was assessed using the SHARE-Frailty Instrument. Fatigue, appetite, walking difficulties, and physical activity were self-reported, and grip strength was measured using a hand grip dynamometer. The EURO-D 12-item scale was used to measure depressive symptoms. Results: The sample comprised 25,771 older adults (56.2% female) with a mean age of 66.5 (95% CI 66.4, 66.6) years. The prevalence of frailty was 4.2% (95% CI 3.9, 4.4) in 2015 and 6.7% (95% CI 13.5, 14.3) in 2020. Among frail participants, 72.5% and 69.6% had depression in 2015 and 2020, respectively. Frailty was associated with depression over the 5 years. Those with pre-frailty and those with frailty in 2015 had 1.86 (95% CI 1.71, 2.01) and 2.46 (95% CI 2.14, 2.83) greater odds of having depressive symptoms in 2020. Conclusions: Frailty is a predictor of depression in older adults, and frail participants had greater odds of presenting depressive symptoms.
- Monitoring body composition and physical fitness of elite female basketball players after 16 weeks of in-season trainingPublication . França, Cíntia; França, Ana; Marques, Adilson; Ihle, Andreas; Lopes, Helder; Santos, Francisco; Gouveia, Élvio R.Understanding the physiological changes in players’ profiles during the season is crucial to optimize training prescription according to players’ needs towards a high-level game performance. The purpose of this study was to assess the variation in body composition and physical fitness of elite female basketball players after 16 weeks of in season training. The sample was composed of 13 elite female basketball players aged 19.7 ± 4.3 years (height: 173.7 ± 9.8 cm, body mass: 70.4 ± 11.3 kg). Body composition, static strength, lower-body explosive strength, speed, agility, and aerobic endurance, were assessed initially (T1) and 16 weeks after the regular season (T2). Significant improvements were found between T1 and T2 for the squat jump (t = -2.433, p ≤ 0.05, d = -0.39), the 20 m linear sprint (t = 2.493, p ≤ 0.05, d = 0.87), and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Test-Level 2 (t = -3.746, p ≤ 0.01, d = - 0.34). Lower-body explosive strength showed a significant contribution to agility and speed. The visceral fat area presented a greater negative correlation with the aerobic and anaerobic capacity. Sports practitioners and coaches should be aware of the importance of monitoring players’ body composition and physical fitness to assess the physiological responses to the training process and to optimize training prescription. Training contents may be adjusted according to the responses recorded to achieve the defined goals. The positive contribution of lower-body explosive strength to speed and agility, emphasizes the need to include in-season strength programs targeted to enhance players’ overall physical fitness.
- Problemáticas da educação física IPublication . Lopes, Hélder; Gouveia, Élvio R.; Alves, Ricardo; Correia, Ana L.
- The efficacy of a multicomponent functional fitness program based on exergaming on cognitive functioning of healthy older adults: a randomized controlled trialPublication . Gouveia, Élvio R.; Smailagic, Asim; Ihle, Andreas; Marques, Adilson; Gouveia, Bruna R.; Cameirão, Mónica; Sousa, Honoratoé Santos Correia de; Kliegel, Matthias; Siewiorek, DanielBackground and Objectives: Regular physical exercise can attenuate age-related cognitive decline. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a physical exercise multicomponent training based on exergames on cognitive functioning (CF) in older adults. Research Design and Methods: This randomized controlled trial included older adults aged 61–78. Participants were randomly allocated to an intervention group (IG; n = 15) or active control group (CG; n = 16). The IG was exposed to a combined training with traditional exercise and exergaming, twice a week over a period of 12 weeks. The CG performed only traditional sessions. CF was assessed by the Cognitive Telephone Screening Instrument. The time points for assessment were at zero (pretest), 12 (posttest), and 17 weeks (follow-up). Results: Active CG and IG increased from pretest to posttest in short-term memory (STM), long-term memory (LTM), and Cognitive Telephone Screening Instrument total score 1.98 > Z < 3.00, ps < .005, with moderately large positive effects (.36 > r < .54). A significant increase was seen from posttest to follow-up in STM, Z = 2.74, p = .006, and LTM, Z = 2.31, p < .021, only in IG. Across the two time periods posttest to follow-up, there were significant interaction effects between program type and time for STM (p = .022, η2 p = .17) and LTM (p = .004, η2 p = .25), demonstrating a more beneficial effect of the exergames intervention compared to the CG. Discussion and Implications: The integration of exergaming in a multicomponent functional fitness exercise might have the potential to maintain and improve CF (in particular, STM and LTM) in older adults.
- Different levels of physical activity and depression symptoms among older adults from 18 countries: a population-based study from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE)Publication . Marques, Adilson; Matos, Margarida Gaspar de; Bordado, Joana; Gouveia, Élvio R.; Peralta, Miguel; Gómez-Baya, DiegoObjective: Analyse the relationship between different levels of physical activity (PA) and depression symptoms in a representative sample of European older adults. Methods: Data on PA, depression symptoms and sociodemographic variables from 64688 (28015 men) older adults participating in SHARE wave 6 was collected through a face-to-face interview. The EURO-D 12-item scale was administered for depression symptoms. Participants reported the frequency they engaged in moderate-intensity PA (MPA) and vigorous-intensity PA (VPA). Results: Men and women engaging in MPA and VPA once or more than once a week had less depression symptoms than those who engage less than once a week. MPA and VPA once or more than once a week were inversely associated with the depression symptoms score. Furthermore, engaging in MPA and VPA decreased the odds of depression (cut-off point of ≥4 depression symptoms) compared to engaging in PA less than once a week. Conclusions: Policies for promoting mental health should include PA for the prevention or treatment of depression symptoms. PA presents physical and psychological benefits and can be used as an overall health-promoting strategy, facing numerous problems at a time.
- Skeletal muscle and physical activity in Portuguese community-dwelling older adultsPublication . Gouveia, Élvio R.; Gouveia, Bruna R.; Maia, José A.; Blimkie, Cameron J.; Freitas, Duarte L.The aims of this study were to describe age- and sex-related differences in total body skeletal muscle (TB-SM) mass and to determine the variance explained by physical activity (PA). This cross-sectional study included 401 males and 402 females, aged 60-79 years. TB-SM was determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and PA by Baecke questionnaire. Statistical analysis included t test, ANOVAs, Pearson correlations, and multiple regression analysis. TB-SM mass was higher in the youngest age group when compared with the oldest in males and females. Males had greater TB-SM values than females. PA made a significant and positive contribution to the variation in TB-SM P = 0.071 \ p — .016. Sex, height, fat mass, and PA explained 77% of the variance in TB-SM. The oldest cohorts and females had lower TB-SM than the younger cohorts and males. This study suggests that PA exerts a significant role in the explanation of TB-SM.
- Translation and Validation of the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction in Active Commuting to and from School (BPNS-ACS) Scale in Young Portuguese StudentsPublication . Marques, Adilson; Santos, Thiago; Gouveia, Élvio R.; Demetriou, Yolanda; Schönbach, Dorothea M. I.; Ferrari, Gerson; Kleszczewska, Dorota; Dzielska, Anna; Peralta, MiguelActive commuting to and from school (ACS) is a strategy to enhance physical activity levels in youths. To promote ACS, it is important to understand the factors that lead to this behaviour. With this in mind, an adaptation of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale for ACS was developed, named the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction in Active Commuting to and from School (BPNS-ACS) scale. This study aimed to translate and evaluate the psychometric properties of the BPNS-ACS scale in young Portuguese students. A cross-sectional study was designed. A total of 338 students (212 girls, 126 boys), aged between 11 and 19 years old from 31 Portuguese cities participated in this study. To provide validity evidence based on the questionnaire’s internal structure, confirmatory factor analyses were performed to test the three dimensions of the BNPS-ACS scale. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated an acceptable fit to the data. The internal consistency of the measures was accepted as the composite reliability values ranged from 0.78 to 0.94. The evaluation of psychometric properties provided evidence of the adequacy of this questionnaire among Portuguese youth aged 11 to 19 years old.
- The attitude of portuguese physical education teachers toward physical fitnessPublication . Marques, Adilson; Balsa, Diogo; Domingos, Marta; Cavalheiro, Rafael; Carreira, Tiago; Moreira, Tiago; Ribeiro, Tiago; Gouveia, Élvio R.In this study, we aimed to examine how Portuguese physical education teachers per ceive the development of physical fitness through fitness tests in schools. The participants were 764 Portuguese teachers teaching at middle-school and high-school levels. The Physical Education Teacher Attitudes Toward Fitness Tests Scale (PETAFTS) was used to collect the data. The means and confidence intervals for each attitude subdomain and the overall attitude were computed. A one-way ANOVA was used to examine the group differences in three subdomains of the attitudes of teachers by different variables. The overall attitude of teachers toward fitness tests was slightly positive according to a 7-point Likert scale (5.52, 95% CI: 5.47, 5.58). The results suggested that female teachers found fitness tests more useful, but male teachers significantly enjoyed implementing them. The data collected also showed that younger teachers found the implementation of fitness tests significantly more enjoyable than older teachers. In conclusion, future research should prioritise specific intervention content considering gender and the age of teachers to reinforce the development of physical fitness through fitness tests in schools.