Terrorism, Freshwater, and Environmental Pollution: Evidence of Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Iraq, Arab Republic of Egypt, Cameroon, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Somalia, Syrian Arab Republic, and Pakistan

Bildirici, Melike E.; Lousada, Sérgio; Yılmaz Genç, Sema

http://hdl.handle.net/10400.13/5404

Use this identifier to reference this record.

Name:	Description:	Size:	Format:
Terrorism, Freshwater, and Environmental Pollution.pdf		598.89 KB	Adobe PDF	Download

Send Feedback

Authors

Bildirici, Melike E.

Lousada, Sérgio

Yılmaz Genç, Sema

Abstract(s)

Nowadays, the world is facing many important problems, including terrorism, drinking water supply problems, and environmental pollution, which have strong impacts on the sustainable development. In this paper, the cointegration between drinking water, terrorism, economic growth, energy consumption, and environmental pollution was explored in Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Iraq, Arab Republic of Egypt, Cameroon, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Somalia, Syrian Arab Repub lic, and Pakistan in the period of 2000–2020 by using the panel Fourier bootstrapping auto regressive distributed lag (PFBARDL) test, and then the direction of causality between the selected variables was determined. The PFBARDL test determined evidence of cointegration among the selected variables. The causality test found evidence of unidirectional causality from terrorism to drinking water and environmental pollution.

Keywords

Causality Fourier Drinking water Panel Panel Fourier bootstrapping ARDL Sustainability Terrorism . Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia

URI

http://hdl.handle.net/10400.13/5404

Citation

Bildirici, M.E.; Lousada, S.; Yılmaz Genç, S. Terrorism, Freshwater, and Environmental Pollution: Evidence of Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Iraq, Arab Republic of Egypt, Cameroon, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Somalia, Syrian Arab Republic, and Pakistan. Water 2022, 14, 2684. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14172684