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Robustez da certificação energética dos edifícios de habitação em Portugal
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Abstract(s)
Durante as últimas décadas, os países mais industrializados encontram-se numa competição por
depender cada vez menos das energias de origem fóssil, mas o crescimento demográfico aliado ao
crescimento económico e tecnológico não tem parado de correr também numa competição paralela. As
nações mais organizadas encontram-se no processo de alcançar cada vez mais objetivos que permitam
o consumo menor de energia e com isso reduzir também as emissões atmosféricas de gases de efeito de
estufa, tudo isto apostando na eficiência energética e nas energias renováveis. O sector das edificações
não é alheio a estos avanços, exigindo uma eficiência energética responsável às novas edificações e
estimulando as edificações existentes a adotar melhorias. A União Europeia afirma nas suas diretivas
que o sector dos edifícios é responsável por 40% do consumo energético, pelo que propõe no âmbito
deste sistema o aumento substancial da eficiência energética dos edifícios, nomeadamente,
implementando o Sistema de Certificação Energética.
A nível geral as exigências para alcançar uma eficiência energética elevada no parque edificado
impõem o estudo das envolventes dos edifícios, dos sistemas de acondicionamento do ar interior,
ventilação, iluminação, entre outros. Exemplo destas exigências é dado pela UE que tem publicado
diversas diretivas europeias às quais os estados-membros devem adaptar-se. Uma das diretivas mais
importantes publicadas foi a Diretiva Europeia 2010/31/EU cuja adaptação em Portugal consiste no
Decreto-Lei n.º 118/2013 (Sistema de Certificação Energética) o qual dá objeto de estudo a esta
dissertação.
Coloca-se a questão de saber se o mesmo é suficientemente robusto tendo em conta as incertezas
e a variabilidade de parâmetros existente em cada edifício. Assim, nesta dissertação pretende-se, através
de análises estatísticas aplicadas a edificações reais, avaliar a robustez do sistema de certificação em
edifícios de habitação, usando a metodologia de cálculo imposta pelo Regulamento de Desempenho
Energético dos Edifícios de Habitação (REH).
Com esse propósito, recorre-se a uma análise que envolve dois casos de estudo distintos (uma
fração de um edifício multifamiliar e uma moradia unifamiliar isolada), ambos localizados na Região
Autónoma da Madeira. Nestas habitações foram determinadas as classificações energéticas mediante a
metodologia regulamentar para depois poder avaliar a variabilidade dos parâmetros mais influentes para
a classificação final. Conclui-se que embora alguns parâmetros tenham uma variabilidade não
desprezável, a metodologia de cálculo indicada no SCE é suficientemente robusta tendo em conta a
baixa probabilidade de se obterem diferentes classes energéticas quando se efetuam variações de
parâmetros que simulam as incertezas dos diversos parâmetros.
During the last decades, the most industrialized countries find themselves in a competition for relying less and less on fossil fuels, but population growth combined with economic and technological growth has not stopped running in parallel competition as well. The most organized nations are in the process of reaching more and more goals that allow for lower energy consumption and with this also reduce atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases, all this betting on energy efficiency and renewable energies. The building sector is not unaware of these advances, demanding responsible energy efficiency for new buildings and encouraging existing buildings to adopt improvements. The European Union states in its directives that the buildings sector is responsible for 40% of energy consumption, which is why it proposes, within the scope of this system, a substantial increase in the energy efficiency of buildings, namely, by implementing the Energy Certification System. At a general level, the requirements to achieve high energy efficiency in the building stock require the study of building envelopes, indoor air conditioning systems, ventilation, lighting, among others. An example of these requirements is given by the EU, which has published several European directives to which member states must adapt. One of the most important directives published was the European Directive 2010/31/EU whose adaptation in Portugal consists of Decree-Law No. 118/2013 (Energy Certification System) which gives the object of study to this dissertation. The question arises as to whether it is sufficiently robust taking into account the uncertainties and variability of parameters existing in each building. Thus, in this dissertation it is intended, through statistical analysis applied to real buildings, to evaluate the robustness of the certification system in residential buildings, using the calculation methodology imposed by the Regulation of Energy Performance of Residential Buildings (REH). For this purpose, we resort to an analysis that involves two distinct case studies (a fraction of a multi-family building and a detached single-family house), both located in the Autonomous Region of Madeira. In these dwellings, energy ratings were determined using the regulatory methodology in order to later be able to assess the variability of the most influential parameters for the final classification. It is concluded that although some parameters have a non-negligible variability, the calculation methodology indicated in the SCE is sufficiently robust considering the low probability of obtaining different energy classes when performing parameter variations that simulate the uncertainties of the various parameters.
During the last decades, the most industrialized countries find themselves in a competition for relying less and less on fossil fuels, but population growth combined with economic and technological growth has not stopped running in parallel competition as well. The most organized nations are in the process of reaching more and more goals that allow for lower energy consumption and with this also reduce atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases, all this betting on energy efficiency and renewable energies. The building sector is not unaware of these advances, demanding responsible energy efficiency for new buildings and encouraging existing buildings to adopt improvements. The European Union states in its directives that the buildings sector is responsible for 40% of energy consumption, which is why it proposes, within the scope of this system, a substantial increase in the energy efficiency of buildings, namely, by implementing the Energy Certification System. At a general level, the requirements to achieve high energy efficiency in the building stock require the study of building envelopes, indoor air conditioning systems, ventilation, lighting, among others. An example of these requirements is given by the EU, which has published several European directives to which member states must adapt. One of the most important directives published was the European Directive 2010/31/EU whose adaptation in Portugal consists of Decree-Law No. 118/2013 (Energy Certification System) which gives the object of study to this dissertation. The question arises as to whether it is sufficiently robust taking into account the uncertainties and variability of parameters existing in each building. Thus, in this dissertation it is intended, through statistical analysis applied to real buildings, to evaluate the robustness of the certification system in residential buildings, using the calculation methodology imposed by the Regulation of Energy Performance of Residential Buildings (REH). For this purpose, we resort to an analysis that involves two distinct case studies (a fraction of a multi-family building and a detached single-family house), both located in the Autonomous Region of Madeira. In these dwellings, energy ratings were determined using the regulatory methodology in order to later be able to assess the variability of the most influential parameters for the final classification. It is concluded that although some parameters have a non-negligible variability, the calculation methodology indicated in the SCE is sufficiently robust considering the low probability of obtaining different energy classes when performing parameter variations that simulate the uncertainties of the various parameters.
Description
Keywords
Análise paramétrica Análise de robustez Análise de sensibilidade Certificação energética Eficiência energética Edifícios de habitação Metodologia de cálculo do SCE Parametric analysis Robustness analysis Sensitivity analysis Energetic certification Energy efficiency Housing buildings Calculation methodology of SCE Engenharia Civil . Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia