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- Cross-validation of the Beunen–Malina method to predict adult heightPublication . Beunen, Gaston P.; Malina, Robert M.; Freitas, Duarte L.; Maia, José A.; Claessens, Albrecht L.; Gouveia, Élvio R.; Lefevre, JohanThe purpose of this study was to cross-validate the Beunen–Malina method for non-invasive prediction of adult height. Three hundred and eight boys aged 13, 14, 15 and 16 years from the Madeira Growth Study were observed at annual intervals in 1996, 1997 and 1998 and re-measured 7–8 years later. Height, sitting height and the triceps and subscapular skinfolds were measured; skeletal age was assessed using the Tanner–Whitehouse 2 method. Adult height was measured and predicted using the Beunen–Malina method. Maturity groups were classified using relative skeletal age (skeletal age minus chronological age). Pearson correlations, mean differences and standard errors of estimate (SEE) were calculated. Age-specific correlations between predicted and measured adult height vary between 0.70 and 0.85, while age-specific SEE varies between 3.3 and 4.7 cm. The correlations and SEE are similar to those obtained in the development of the original Beunen–Malina method. The Beunen– Malina method is a valid method to predict adult height in adolescent boys and can be used in European populations or populations from European ancestry. Percentage of predicted adult height is a non-invasive valid method to assess biological maturity.
- Prediction of adult height in girls: the Beunen-MalinaFreitas methodPublication . Beunen, Gaston Prudence; Malina, Robert M.; Freitas, Duarte Luís de; Thomis, Martine Ann; Maia, José António Ribeiro; Claessens, Albrecht Leo; Gouveia, Elvio R.; Maes, Hermine H.; Lefevre, Johan AiméThe purpose of this study was to validate and cross-validate the Beunen-Malina-Freitas method for non-invasive prediction of adult height in girls. A sample of 420 girls aged 10–15 years from the Madeira Growth Study were measured at yearly intervals and then 8 years later. Anthropometric dimensions (lengths, breadths, circumferences, and skinfolds) were measured; skeletal age was assessed using the Tanner-Whitehouse 3 method and menarcheal status (present or absent) was recorded. Adult height was measured and predicted using stepwise, forward, and maximum R2 regression techniques. Multiple correlations, mean differences, standard errors of prediction, and error boundaries were calculated. A sample of the Leuven Longitudinal Twin Study was used to cross-validate the regressions. Age-specific coefficients of determination (R2) between predicted and measured adult height varied between 0.57 and 0.96, while standard errors of prediction varied between 1.1 and 3.9 cm. The cross-validation confirmed the validity of the Beunen-Malina-Freitas method in girls aged 12–15 years, but at lower ages the cross-validation was less consistent. We conclude that the Beunen-Malina-Freitas method is valid for the prediction of adult height in girls aged 12–15 years. It is applicable to European populations or populations of European ancestry.
- Skeletal maturation, fundamental motor skills, and motor performance in preschool childrenPublication . Freitas, D. L.; Lausen, B.; Maia, J. A.; Gouveia, É. R.; Antunes, A. M.; Thomis, M.; Lefevre, J.; Malina, R. M.Relationships among skeletal age (SA), body size and fundamental motor skills (FMS) and motor performance were considered in 155 boys and 159 girls 3-6 years of age. Stature and body mass were measured. SA of the hand-wrist was assessed with the Tanner-Whitehouse II 20 bone method. The Test of Gross Motor Development, 2nd edition (TGMD-2), and the Preschool Test Battery were used, respectively, to assess FMS and motor performance. Based on hierarchical regression analyses, the standardized residuals of SA on chronological age (SAsr) explained a maximum of 6.1% of the variance in FMS and motor performance in boys (ΔR23 , range 0.0%-6.1%) and a maximum of 20.4% of the variance in girls (ΔR23 , range 0.0%-20.4%) over that explained by body size and interactions of SAsr with body size (step 3). The interactions of the SAsr and stature and body mass (step 2) explained a maximum of 28.3% of the variance in boys (ΔR22 , range 0.5%-28.3%) and 16.7% of the variance in girls (ΔR22 , range 0.7%-16.7%) over that explained by body size alone. With the exception of balance, relationships among SAsr and FMS or motor performance differed between boys and girls. Overall, SA per se or interacting with body size had a relatively small influence in FMS and motor performance in children 3-6 years of age.
- Skeletal maturation, fundamental motor skills and motor coordination in children 7–10 yearsPublication . Freitas, Duarte Luís de; Lausen, Berthold; Maia, José António Ribeiro; Lefevre, Johan Aimé; Gouveia, Élvio Rúbio; Thomis, Martine Ann; Antunes, António Manuel; Claessens, Albrecht Leo; Beunen, Gaston Prudence; Malina, Robert M.
- Short-term secular change in height, body mass and Tanner-Whitehouse 3 skeletal maturity of Madeira youth, PortugalPublication . Freitas, Duarte Luís de; Malina, Robert M.; Maia, José António Ribeiro; Lefevre, Johan Aimé; Stasinopoulos, Mikis; Gouveia, Élvio; Claessens, Albrecht Leo; Thomis, Martine Ann; Lausen, BertholdSecular trends in height and weight are reasonably well documented in Europe. Corresponding observations for skeletal maturation are lacking. Aim: To assess secular trends in height, body mass and skeletal maturity of Portuguese children and adolescents and to provide updated reference values for skeletal maturity scores (SMSs). Subjects and methods: Data for 2856 children and adolescents of 4–17 years, 1412 boys and 1444 girls, from The ‘Madeira Growth Study’ (MGS; 1996–1998) and from the‘Healthy Growth of Madeira Children Study’ (CRES; 2006) were used. Height and body mass were measured. Skeletal maturity was assessed with the Tanner-Whitehouse 2 and 3 methods. Results: Children from CRES were taller and heavier than peers from MGS. Differences in height reached 5.8cm in boys and 5.5cm in girls. RUS SMSs did not differ consistently between surveys boys, while higher RUS scores were observed in CRES girls. Adult RUS SMSs for MGS and CRES combined were attained at 15.8 years in boys and 14.8 years in girls. Corresponding ages for adult Carpal SMSs were 14.4 and 14.0, respectively. Conclusion: The short-term trends for height and mass were not entirely consistent with the trends in RUS and Carpal SMSs and SAs.
- Skeletal maturity and socio-economic status in portuguese children and youths: the Madeira growth studyPublication . Freitas, Duarte Luís de; Maia, José António Ribeiro; Beunen, Gaston Prudence; Lefevre, Johan Aimé; Claessens, Albrecht Leo; Marques, A.; Rodrigues, A.; Silva, C.; Crespo, Maria; Thomis, Martine Ann; Sousa, A.; Malina, Robert M.Skeletal maturity is used to evaluate biological maturity status. Information about the association between socio-economic status (SES) and skeletal maturity is limited in Portugal. Aims: The aim of this study is to document the skeletal maturity of youths in Madeira and to evaluate variation in maturity associated with SES. Subjects and methods: The study involved 507 subjects (256 boys and 251 girls) from the Madeira Growth Study, a mixed-longitudinal study of five cohorts (8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 years of age) followed at yearly intervals over 3 years (1996–1998). A total of 1493 observations were made. Skeletal age was estimated from radiographs of the hand and wrist using the Tanner–Whitehouse 2 method (TW2). Social class rankings were based on Graffar’s (1956) method. Five social rankings were subsequently grouped into three SES categories: high, average and low. Results: Median for the radius, ulna and short finger bones (RUS scores) in the total sample of boys and girls increased curvilinearly across age whereas median for the 7 (without pisiform) carpal bones (Carpal scores) increased almost linearly. The 20-bone maturity scores demonstrated distinctive trends by gender: the medians for boys increased almost linearly while the medians for girls increased curvilinearly. SES differences were minimal. Only among children aged 10–11 years were high SES boys and girls advanced in skeletal maturity. Madeira adolescents were advanced in skeletal maturity compared with Belgian reference values. Conclusion: The data suggests population variation in TW2 estimates of skeletal maturation. Skeletal maturity was not related to SES in youths from Madeira.
- Biological and environmental determinants of 12-minute run performance in youthPublication . Freitas, Duarte; Maia, José; Stasinopoulos, Mikis; Gouveia, Élvio Rúbio; Antunes, António M.; Thomis, Martine; Lefevre, Johan; Claessens, Albrecht; Hedeker, Donald; Malina, Robert M.Background: The 12-minute run is a commonly used indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness in youth. Variation in growth and maturity status as potential correlates of test performance has not been systematically addressed. Aim: To evaluate biological and environmental determinants of 12-minute run performance in Portuguese youth aged 7–17years. Subjects and methods: Mixed-longitudinal samples of 187 boys and 142 girls were surveyed in 1996, 1997 and 1998. The 12-minute run was the indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness. Height, body mass and five skinfolds were measured and skeletal maturity was assessed. Physical activity, socioeconomic status and area of residencewere obtainedwitha questionnaire. Multi-level modelling was used fortheanalysis. Results: Chronological age and sum of five skinfolds were significant predictors of 12-minute run performance. Older boys and girls ran longer distances than younger peers, while high levels of subcutaneous fat were associated with shorter running distances. Rural boys were more proficient in the 12-minute run than urban peers. Skeletal maturity, height, body mass index, physical activity and socioeconomic status were not significant predictors of 12-minute run performances. Conclusions: Age and sum of skinfolds in both sexes and rural residence in boys are significant predictors of 12-minute run performance in Portuguese youth.
- Skeletal maturation, body size, and motor coordination in youth 11-14 yearsPublication . Freitas, Duarte Luís; Lausen, Berthold; Maia, José António Ribeiro; Gouveia, Élvio Rúbio; Thomis, Martine; Lefevre, Johan; Silva, Ricardo Dinis; Malina, Robert M.Purpose: The objective of this study is to estimate the relative contribution of biological maturation to variance in the motor coordination (MC) among youth and to explore gender differences in the associations. Methods: Skeletal maturation (Tanner-Whitehouse 3), stature, body mass, and MC (Ko¨rperkoordinationstest fu¨rKinder) were assessed in 613 youths, 284 boys and 329 girls 11–14 yr of age. Standardized residuals of skeletal age on chronological age were used as the estimate of skeletal maturity status independent of chronological age. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to analyse associations between skeletal maturity status and MC. Results: Skeletal maturity status by itself, i.e., standardized residuals of skeletal age on chronological age (step 3) explained a maximum of 8.1% of the variance in MC in boys ($R32 in the range of 0.0%–8.1%) and 2.8% of the variance in girls ($R32 in the range of 0.0%–2.8%), after controlling for stature, body mass and interactions of the standardized residuals of skeletal age on chronological age with stature and body mass. Corresponding percentages for the interactions of the standardized residuals of skeletal age and stature and body mass, after adjusting for stature and body mass (step 2) were 8.7% in boys ($R22 in the range of 0.3%–8.7%) and 7.1% in girls ($R22 in the range of 0.1%–7.1%). Chow tests suggested structural changes in A-coefficients in the four MC tests among boys and girls, 12–13 yr. Conclusion: The percentage of variance in the four MC tests explained by skeletal maturation was relatively small, but the relationships differed between boys and girls. By inference, other factors, e.g., neuromuscular maturation, specific instruction and practice, sport participation, and others may influence MC at these ages.