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- A Madeira e o proteccionismo sacarino (1895-1918)Publication . Câmara, Benedita
- A economia da Madeira (1850-1914)Publication . Câmara, Benedita
- Cereais, tubérculos e gadoPublication . Câmara, Benedita
- The colonia contract: ambiguity between Sharecropping, Fixed rent and emphyteusisPublication . Câmara, BeneditaEmphyteusis is a legal institution with historical character that has been registered in different types of circumstances. In the 1850s, Portuguese liberals sought to associate the Portuguese colonia contract from Madeira with emphyteusis. By the 1880s there was a shift in the focus but the valuation and property rights of the improvements of the colono remained the common element of political and legal debate. In line with recent studies which have suggested an agenda for researching the imperfect nature of land ownership, while pointing out that the historical changes that occurred in the property rights were not only the result of the changes introduced in the law (Congost, 2007), the thesis of this chapter is that those debates and attempts at reform were linked to the context of the time period between the 1850s and the 1880s, which was characterized by changes in relative prices that required adaptation to land use. This interfered with the incentives generated by the valuation of the improvements of the colono and the risks taken by the landowners in the colonia contract. There were similarities between a number of these issues and the ones being debated in England.
- The development of the portuguese hotel business, 1950-1995Publication . Câmara, Maria Benedita CardosoThis paper looks at the expansion of tourism in Portugal in the general context of the southern European countries, and focuses on the development of the hotel business in Portugal between 1950 and 1995. Some writers hold that the entrepreneurial fabric in the package holiday and mass tourism business is fragmented, overly dependent on tour operators, and usually adverse to foreign investment. We propose to analyse foreign investment in the hotel business over this period. Tourism is also seen as a sector little favoured for investment by the State, even though it is noted that Portugal in the seventies was an exception to this general rule. We propose to analyse public and private investment in the hotel business and to examine whether any changes took place over this period in the average size of hotels and of firms in this sector. We shall also seek to relate investment in capital goods with the growth in the number of occupations in the hotel sector requiring an average level of qualifications. On the basis of a typology of occupations in the hotel trade we will establish whether there was any improvement in a sector which is traditionally viewed as not absorbing a very large proportion of skilled labour. Finally, we will examine increases in unit labour costs and trends in those costs to determine what percentage they represent of total costs, together with the efforts made to save on such costs. The basis for this analytical exercise is the relationship between productivity gains and competitiveness in the hotel sector. This point is very important when we consider how productivity growth has been observed in services compared to commodity production. Angus Maddison points out that the general view is that productivity growth tends to be slower on services due to the intrinsic character of many personal services and partly because of measurement conventions, which sometimes exclude the possibility of productivity growth.
- Port wine and Madeira wine (1932-1933 and 1940-1972): a different path to the Appellation of Controlled Origin (AOC) systemPublication . Câmara, BeneditaThe chapter examines the differences in the regulatory role of the State in two Portuguese forti fied wines destined for export. We will analyse how the Estado Novo (dictatorial regime in Portugal 1933-1974) regulated Madeira wine and Port wine and how the impact on product differentiation was diverse. Given the product differentiation achieved by the Champagne sparkling wine sector, we will high light the similarities between its regulation process during the interwar period and that of the Port wine sector. We will also show how Portuguese regulation owed much to the OIV’s guidelines, which in turn were aligned with those of France. The study argues that the changes in regulation, by providing a means of avoiding imitation and creating standards, were important in a context where there was much adulte ration. This had an impact on the long-term reputation of the industry and on the survival of the Port and Madeira wine companies, as well as explaining the resistance of the latter.
- A cana sacarina e os seus derivados (1850-1914)Publication . Câmara, Benedita
- A mercantilist brand: the British East India Company and Madeira Wine, 1756–1834Publication . Câmara, Benedita; Lopes, Teresa da Silva; Fredona, RobertThis study analyzes the long-term power of mercantilist firms and brands in industries characterized by high uncertainty and asset specificity. It contrasts the reputation-building and protection strategies employed in two similar industries in Portugal in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries; namely, those of Madeira and Port wine. The Portuguese crown created a collective brand for Port in 1756, the first regional appellation in the world. Madeira wine only received similar protection in the late twenti eth century. This study argues that the Madeira wine industry relied on a different type of mercantilist proto-brand—a diffuse and multi-faceted “global” umbrella brand—of the British East India Company, which during its heyday more than rivaled the power of the Portuguese state as a product certifier and endorser.
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