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- Physical Activity Dimensions Differentially Predict Physical and Mental Components of Health-Related Quality of Life: Evidence from a Sport for All StudyPublication . Ihle, Andreas; Gouveia, Bruna R.; Gouveia, Élvio R.; Cheval, Boris; Nascimento, Marcelo de Maio; Conceição, Lúcia; Marconcin, Priscila; Peralta, Miguel; Ferrari, Gerson; Oliveira, Duarte; Kliegel, MatthiasThe present cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between different dimen sions of physical activity (PA) (i.e., work, sport, leisure) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) (i.e., overall, physical component, mental component) in an adult lifespan sample of 381 active individuals (age range: 18–88 years; 38.8% men), while controlling for important covariates in terms of sex, age, education, and health profile regarding medical history. HRQoL was assessed using the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12). Usual (i.e., previous 12 months) PA was assessed during face-to-face interviews using the Baecke questionnaire. Hierarchical regression analyses showed in Step 1 that the three PA dimensions work, sport, and leisure (entered simultaneously) together predicted 8%, 10%, and 4% of the variance in SF-12 total score, SF-12 physical component, and SF-12 mental component, respectively. In the final model, adjusting for sex, age, education, and health profile regarding medical history, sport emerged as the only PA dimension predicting SF-12 total score and the SF-12 physical component. In conclusion, health-policy targets at the community level should include the promotion of lifelong engagement in PA, especially sport, to allow the sustainability of HRQoL across the lifespan of our society.
- The Relation of Having Experienced a Fall in the Past to Lower Cognitive Functioning in Old Age Is Mediated via Less Physical Activity Engagement as Cognitive Reserve ContributorPublication . Ihle, Andreas; Gouveia, Élvio R.; Gouveia, Bruna R.; Marques, Adilson; Marconcin, Priscila; Nascimento, Marcelo de Maio; Haas, Maximilian; Jurema, Jefferson; Tinôco, Maria A.; Kliegel, MatthiasSimple Summary: Experiencing a fall in old age represents a critical life event affecting physical and cognitive health and the ability to engage in physical activities and exercise. This is crucial since physical activity engagement contributes to the accumulation of the so-called cognitive reserve relevant for maintaining cognitive health at old age. The goal of our study was to investigate whether the relationship between having experienced a fall and lower cognitive functioning can be explained by hampered physical activity engagement. Confirming this idea, our findings demonstrated that experiencing a fall at an older age hinders sufficient physical activity engagement and thereby impedes cognitive reserve accumulation, resulting in lower cognitive functioning outcomes. Consequently, our study suggests that at old age, the prevention of falls and related accidents is not only crucial to avoid injuries and preserve physical health, but it is also essential for maintaining one’s ability to engage in physical activities and exercises and, consequently, for preserving cognitive health in later life. Abstract: Physical activity and exercise contribute to the accumulation of cognitive reserve, which is instrumental for preserving cognitive health in old age. In a large sample of 701 older adults (mean age = 70.36 years), we investigated whether the relationship between having experienced a fall in the past and lower performance in cognitive functioning was mediated via less physical activity engagement as a cognitive reserve contributor. General cognition was assessed using the mini-mental state examination (MMSE), long-term memory using a word-pair delayed recall test and working memory using a backward digit-span test. In face-to-face interviews, individuals reported information on falls during the past 12 months and their habitual physical activity engagement. Our analyses demonstrated that the relationship between having experienced a fall in the past and lower performance in the cognitive functioning measures was partly mediated (by 16.3% for general cognition, 30.6% for ong-term memory, and 33.1% for working memory, respectively) via less physical activity engagement. In conclusion, we suggest as a core bio-psychological mechanism that experiencing a fall at an older age is a critical life event that hinders sufficient physical activity engagement and thereby impedes cognitive reserve build-up, resulting in lower cognitive functioning outcomes.
- A associação entre o estilo de vida e a atitude de alunos do ensino básico e secundário em relação à disciplina de educação físicaPublication . Gouveia, Élvio Rúbio; Ihle, Andreas; Rodrigues, Ana; Correia, Ana Luisa; Alves, Ricardo; Simões, Joana; Gouveia, Bruna; Kliegel, Matthias; Freitas, Duarte; Lopes, HelderEste estudo teve por objetivo o seguinte: investigar a associação entre o estilo de vida e a atitude positiva (EñgEFD) ou negativa (EgEFD) dos alunos sobre a Educação Física (EF). Um estudo de natureza transversal foi conduzido em 243 estudantes (15.6 ±2.5 anos). A informação demográfica, a opinião sobre a EF, e a auto perceção foram avaliados através de questionários. A aptidão física foi determinada a partir da FITNESSGRAM e da EUROFIT. A percentagem de gordura foi estimada a partir das equações de Slaughter et al., (1988). Análises descritivas e o t-test de medidas independentes foram conduzidas nas análises. Nesta amostra, 74.5% dos estudantes afirmam gostar de EDF. Os EgEFD apresentam scores significativamente mais elevados comparativamente aos EñgEFD na força, velocidade/agilidade, força resistência do tronco e resistência aeróbia (p<.007). Os EgEFD têm uma melhor percepção das suas capacidades físicas, assim como referem ter uma boa saúde e adotarem estilos de vida mais saudáveis (p<.001). Os EgEFD apresentam um perfil funcional e psicológico mais saudável, auto percecionam um melhor estado de saúde e preferem envolver-se em atividades físicas em detrimento das atividades sedentárias no seu dia-a-dia.
- Bidirectional Association between Physical Activity and Dopamine Across Adulthood—A Systematic ReviewPublication . Marques, Adilson; Marconcin, Priscila; Werneck, André O.; Ferrari, Gerson; Gouveia, Élvio R.; Kliegel, Matthias; Peralta, Miguel; Ihle, AndreasPhysical activity (PA) may influence the secretion of neurotransmitters and thereby have positive consequences for an individual’s vulnerability (i.e., reducing anxiety and depressive symp toms). This systematic review aims to analyse the potential bidirectional effects of exercise on dopamine from young adulthood to old age. The article search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science in December 2020. The inclusion criteria were longitudinal and experimental study design; outcomes included dopamine and exercise; effect of exercise on dopamine and vice versa; adults; and articles published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish. Fifteen articles were included in the review. We observed robust findings concerning the potential effects of PA on dopamine, which notably seem to be observable across a wide range of participants characteristics (including age and sex), a variety of PA characteristics, and a broad set of methods to analyse dopamine. By contrast, regarding the potential effects of dopamine on PA, findings were mixed across studies. Thus, there are robust effects of physical exercise on dopamine. These findings further strengthen the idea that innovative approaches could include PA interventions for treating and preventing mental disorders. Therefore, it seems that PA is a potential alternative to deal with mental health issues.
- Estimation of engagement in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity from direct observation: a proposal for school physical educationPublication . Gouveia, Élvio R.; Gouveia, Bruna R.; Marques, Adilson; Lopes, Hélder; Rodrigues, Ana; Quintal, Tomás; Pestana, Marcelo; Peralta, Miguel; Kliegel, Matthias; Ihle, AndreasThis study aimed to test an observational momentary time sampling tool to estimate in class moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), in terms of validity, reliability and agreement between observational momentary time sampling and accelerometry, and to develop a regression equation to estimate MVPA from observational momentary time sampling. The sample comprised 78 pupils (38 girls), mean age 14.0 ± 1.1 years. Measurements were taken in three similar Physical Education classes, on three different days. To monitor MVPA, we applied the observational momen tary time sampling method. Students wore an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer. Reliabilities were determined by the intraclass correlations, the agreement between methods was analyzed using the Bland–Altman method, and a multiple regression analysis was performed to estimate the equation. The observational momentary time sampling showed good reliability across time (0.59 < r < 0.72, p < 0.001). It was significantly correlated with accelerometry (r = 0.51, p < 0.001). The MVPA assessed via accelerometer could be predicted from the following equation: Y = 44.3 + 0.47·(MVPA observa tional momentary time sampling method) + 8.0·(sex; with 0 = girls and 1 = boys). This observational momentary time sampling method is a stable and reliable tool to estimate MVPA. A regression equation using the score of observational momentary time sampling and sex can be used to better estimate the real MVPA.
- Balance and mobility relationships in older adults: A representative population-based cross-sectional study in Madeira, PortugalPublication . Gouveia, Élvio R.; Gouveia, Bruna R.; Ihle, Andreas; Kliegel, Matthias; Marques, Adilson; Freitas, Duarte L.Background: Balance and mobility impairments are important modifiable risk factors associated with falls in older people. Purpose: To investigate how different functional fitness components relate to balance and mobility, after controlling for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and different physical activity (PA) domains. Methods: This representative cross-sectional study included 802 individuals, 401 males and 401 females (69.8 ± 5.6 years) from Madeira, Portugal. The Fullerton Advance Balance (FAB) scale was used to assess balance. Mobility in terms of gait velocity, cadence, stride length, and gait stability ratio (GSR) were assessed using the 50-foot Walk test. PA was assessed through a face-to-face interview using the Baecke questionnaire, and functional fitness was assessed with Senior Fitness tests (strength, flexibility, and aerobic endurance). Results: Balance and mobility were negatively associated with age and BMI, and positively related to PA and functional fitness. Moreover, male presented better performance in balance and mobility. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that functional fitness explained the highest amount of variance in balance and all mobility parameters(over andaboveage,sex,BMI,and PA).Specifically, entering functional fitnesscomponents significantly increased explained variance in FAB (+19%), gait velocity (+25%), cadence (+15%), stride length (+9%), and GSR (+ 31%). In these models, aerobic endurance consistently had the strongest contribution. Conclusion: Strength, flexibility, and especially aerobic endurance, over and above non-modifiable variables like age and sex, are crucial for maintaining or improving balance and mobility and, thereby, prevent falls in older people.