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- Citizen motivation on the go: the role of psychological empowermentPublication . Goncalves, J.; Kostakos, V.; Karapanos, E.; Barreto, M.; Camacho, T.; Tomasic, A.; Zimmerman, J.Although advances in technology now enable people to communicate ‘anytime, anyplace’, it is not clear how citizens can be motivated to actually do so. This paper evaluates the impact of three principles of psychological empowerment, namely perceived self-efficacy, sense of community and causal importance, on public transport passengers’ motivation to report issues and complaints while on the move. A week-long study with 65 participants revealed that self-efficacy and causal importance increased participation in short bursts and increased perceptions of service quality over longer periods. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings for citizen participation projects and reflect on design opportunities for mobile technologies that motivate citizen participation.
- Exploring the feasibility of subliminal priming on web platformsPublication . Caraban, Ana; Karapanos, Evangelos; Campos, Pedro; Gonçalves, DanielDespite the initial premise of behavior change tools, recent work has questioned their efficacy over the long term. Many of these technologies rely on a “one-size fits all” strategy – self-monitoring – to foster behavior change. However, individual’s capacity to change their behaviors depends on their ability and motivation for self-regulation. We explore a different approach to persuasive technology design and investigate how subtle influences falling outside conscious awareness can instinctively motivate behaviors. Subliminal priming has the potential to influence people's attitudes and behaviors, without relying on people’s will to engage with the process. Yet, little research has studied it effectiveness encouraging behavior change outside a laboratory setting. In this paper we explore the feasibility of subliminal priming on web-platforms. We present an in the wild study where 12 participants were exposed to subliminal cues to motivate water intake while they browsed on the web. This paper contributes with a practical application of subliminal priming in the field of behavior change as well as design implications for future research.
- Why don't families get along with eco-feedback technologies?Publication . Barreto, Mary; Karapanos, Evangelos; Nunes, NunoEco-feedback domestic technologies have gained momentum over the last decade. Yet, while a wide range of research prototypes and commercial products has been proposed, their acceptance by families is still limited. In this paper we report on our findings from interviews with 15 dual income families, during a year-long deployment of an eco-feedback technology that attempted to inquire into the factors that prohibited its adoption. We found the non adoption of our system to be rooted in a number of systemic failures, relating to the physical context, the families’ social dynamics and the roles assumed by family members, as well as families’ priorities and the non-negotiability of their routines. Motivated by prior work and our empirical findings we propose three distinct dimensions but also phases in the adoption of eco-feedback technologies: orientation, incorporation and social integration, and discuss how these may hint at different barriers in the adoption of eco-feedback technologies.
- 23 ways to nudge: a review of technology-mediated nudging in human-computer interactionPublication . Caraban, Ana; Karapanos, Evangelos; Gonçalves, Daniel; Campos, PedroTen years ago, Thaler and Sunstein introduced the notion of nudging to talk about how subtle changes in the ‘choice archi tecture’ can alter people's behaviors in predictable ways. This idea was eagerly adopted in HCI and applied in multiple con texts, including health, sustainability and privacy. Despite this, we still lack an understanding of how to design effective technology-mediated nudges. In this paper we present a sys tematic review of the use of nudging in HCI research with the goal of laying out the design space of technology-mediated nudging –the why (i.e., which cognitive biases do nudges combat) and the how (i.e., what exact mechanisms do nudges employ to incur behavior change). All in all, we found 23 distinct mechanisms of nudging, grouped in 6 categories, and leveraging 15 different cognitive biases. We present these as a framework for technology-mediated nudging, and discuss the factors shaping nudges’ effectiveness and their ethical implications.
- Understanding families’ motivations for sustainable behaviorsPublication . Barreto, Mary L.; Szóstek, Agnieszka; Karapanos, Evangelos; Nunes, Nuno J.; Pereira, Lucas; Quintal, FilipeWhile interest in eco-feedback technologies has peaked over the last decade, research increasingly high lights that simply providing information to individuals regarding their consumption behaviors does not guarantee behavior change. This has lead to an increasing body of work that attempts to characterize individuals’ latent motivations that drive sustainable behaviors. With this paper we aim at expanding this body of work by analyzing such motivations in the context of families. We report findings from inter views with 15 families who used an eco-feedback interface over a period of 2 years. Our study reveals that motivations for sustainable behavior were not only rooted in individuals’ environmental concerns and need for expense management but they also regarded: (i) individuals’ and families’ need for a sense of control and security, (ii) parents’ self-perceived responsibility of their role as parents and (iii) the percep tion of individual as well as family identity. We argue that in order for eco-feedback technologies to attain long-lasting behavioral changes in the domestic environment they need to address basic family needs that go beyond individual ideals of pro-environmental behavior
- Reducing children’s psychological distance from climate change via eco-feedback technologiesPublication . Dillahunt, Tawanna; Lyra, Olga; Barreto, Mary L.; Karapanos, EvangelosEmpirical environment and behavior research has found that empathy improves environmental attitudes and behaviors. Emotionally persuasive icons (EPIs) show promise for creating empathy and for the design of effective eco-feedback technologies, particularly among children. Yet studies using these icons have focused on adults, with little research devoted to eco-feedback design for children. We explore the affective reactions to EPIs among children ages 9–11. To understand which types of EPIs generate the most empathy, we vary them in two dimensions: (1) metaphorical versus literal representations and (2) animal scenes versus environmental scenes. Our findings suggest that the impact of EPIs extends beyond metaphorical or literal images; to improve eco-feedback technologies that employ EPIs, designers must link the causes and effects of climate change to concrete, tangible actions that are associated with personal experiences, which could lead to stronger engagement and emotional responses among children. These results are consistent with the construal level theory of psychological distance, which is the cognitive and affective perception of how close or far something is. We extend this theory to sustainable HCI and contribute a space for future eco-feedback design among children.
- Towards persuasive sociometric technologies for inclusive educational settingsPublication . Lyra, Olga; Karapanos, Evangelos; Gouveia, Rúben; Barreto, Mary; Nisi, Valentina; Nunes, Nuno J.; Zimmerman, John; Forlizzi, JodiWith an increasing interest in the social inclusion of children in schools, HCI researchers have proposed technologies that support children at risk of social exclusion in their interactions with peers. However, much of this work has focused on the child at risk of social exclusion, disregarding the fact that social exclusion is a group phenomenon that often originates in children’s negative stereotyping. In this paper we argue for persuasive sociometric technologies, ones that sense children’s social interactions in real-time, and provide persuasive, just-in time recommendations to children with the goal of challenging their perceptions of diversity and motivating pro-social behaviors. We report on two studies that aimed at inquiring into children’s practices of social exclusion in school communities as well as whether and how persuasive technologies can stimulate pro-social behaviors and a sense of empathy among them.
- An initial model for designing socially translucent systems for behavior changePublication . Barreto, Mary; Szóstek, Agnieszka; Karapanos, EvangelosApplications aiming at behavior change are gaining momentum within HCI. Much of that work has been built upon the idea of psychological empowerment. We report on a qualitative study that aimed at inquiring at an alternative path to behavior change through strengthening individuals’ feelings of personal accountability. Two behavior-change related scenarios were construed to evaluate how people perceive socially translucent systems aiding the process of behavior adaptation. We found that motivation to change is shaped by the access to information concerning one’s behavior, by the type of provided feedback and the strength of the social ties accessing that information. Based on these results we propose an initial model defining possible approaches that can be considered when designing socially translucent systems supporting behavior change.
- Social translucence as a theoretical framework for sustainable HCIPublication . Barreto, Mary; Karapanos, Evangelos; Nunes, NunoMotivating sustainable behaviors is increasingly becoming an important topic in the HCI community. While a substantial body of work has focused on the role of peer-pressure through social networks, we argue that the community has largely overlooked the importance of strong social ties and specifically those of family members. We propose the theory of Social Translucence as a theoretical framework for understanding how eco-feedback interfaces can integrate with and support existing communication practices within families. We report on our ethnographic inquiry involving a day reconstruction study followed by in-depth interviewing with 12 families, which took place during a six-month deployment of an eco-feedback interface. Through our study we attempt to inquire into how eco-feedback interfaces: a) raise mutual awareness of family members’ consumption behaviors, and b) induce feelings of accountability on individuals regarding their consumption behaviors.
- Playing for the planet: designing toys that foster sustainable valuesPublication . Barreto, Mary; Scott, Michelle; Oakley, Ian; Karapanos, Evangelos; Nunes, Nuno J.; Gomes, Sofia; Gomes, JoanaThe children of today are the adults of tomorrow, for this reason it is essential to educate this generation about sustainable values, such as recycling and reducing waste and energy consumption. By targeting children’s main activity of playing and toys, the design of a toy that instills sustainable values is illustrated through PlayGreen, a prototype of an interactive application. We argue that this type of toy should be designed according to children’s cognitive development and their learning skills, as well as conforming to a value centered design process. This paper focuses on Piaget’s cognitive development theory, more specifically, the concrete operational stage processes, which occur between the ages of seven and eleven years old. Our prototype is an application focusing on the value of resource management and allows children to create new toys from household materials. This prototype was tested with 8 and 9 year old children via a Wizard of Oz method. The prototype successfully integrated a value related to sustainability and the users were able to manipulate it easily as it was adequate to their cognitive skills.